Journal of addiction & prevention最新文献

{"title":"Reproductive and Sexual Coercion: The Role of Alcohol, Social and Demographic Conditions","authors":"Sergei V. Jargin, S. Jargin","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2330-2178.1000050","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive coercion is defined as partner behaviors that interfere with effective use of contraception. The contraception sabotage includes hiding, withholding and destroying of contraceptives in an attempt to induce pregnancy despite a female partner’s wishes to prevent the pregnancy. In the literature, contraception sabotage is usually discussed as an intentional act. It has been suggested to extend the definition by adding the reproductive coercion by negligence, in particular, the sabotage of agreed or presupposed method of contraception, which sometimes happens under the impact of alcohol. Five case histories are presented here. The social background and cause-effect relationships between certain behavioral stereotypes, alcohol consumption and heavy binge drinking are analyzed. The use of condoms is dependent on personal characteristics and the level of social development; however, alcohol consumption at sexual encounters and heavy binge drinking are potential risk factors for the non-use of condoms and other irresponsible behaviors. The sexual and reproductive coercion is sometimes used for the purpose of migration, to cement a relationship or to spread a certain genotype. Vasectomy may be a viable solution for some individuals incapable to control their behavior and consistently use condoms, although it does not eliminate the necessity of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections. to a systematic review and meta-analysis, consistent condom use was less prevalent among hazardous vs. regular drinkers in Russia [6]. Fortunately, both the abortion rate and alcohol consumption in Russia tend to decrease [7,8]. It seems that at different times there have been official or unofficial directives aimed at the birth rate elevation initially in conditions of the gender imbalance after the World War II. This resulted in a limited availability of contraceptives, unavailability of voluntary sterilization, and prohibition of abortions till 1955 along with the propagation of consumerist attitude to women: corresponding talks and behaviors have been quite usual. The official atheism obviously contributed to irresponsible and immoral behaviors [9]. In the meantime, the gender imbalance has reverted and global overpopulation has come to the fore; but fertility is stimulated now as before. For example, some popular TV series such as the “Sled” (Trace) and “Slepaia” (The Blind) regularly present unexpected and unintended pregnancies both in and out of wedlock as something natural and unavoidable while contraception is mentioned rarely. Remarkably, in the Episode 306 of the latter series (shown by TV3 on 10 November 2020) a gynecologist at a husband’s request surreptitiously replaced contraceptive pills by vitamins. This was presented by the filmmakers as a good deed as the husband wanted children but the wife did not. The risks associated with oral contraceptives are invented or exaggerated by mass media and some literature. Apparently, the propagand","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66209723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'I Think Smoking's the Same, but the Toys Have Changed.' Understanding Facilitators of E-Cigarette Use among Air Force Personnel.","authors":"M A Little,&nbsp;K Pebley,&nbsp;K Porter,&nbsp;G W Talcott,&nbsp;R A Krukowski","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The military has stringent anti-tobacco regulations for new recruits. While most tobacco products have declined in recent years, e-cigarette use has tripled among this population. However, little is known about the factors facilitating this inverse relationship.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Examine the facilitators of e-cigarette use during a high risk period following initial enlistment among young adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Focus groups were conducted with Airmen, Military Training Leaders (MTLs) and Technical Training Instructors (TTIs) to qualitatively explore unique characteristics of e-cigarettes leading to use in Technical Training.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most commonly used tobacco product across participants was cigarettes (42.7%), followed by e-cigarettes (28.0%) and smokeless tobacco (22.6%). Almost a third (28.7%) of participants reported using more than one tobacco product. E-cigarette use was much more common among Airmen (76.1%), compared to MTLs (10.9%) and TTIs (13.0%).Four main facilitators around e-cigarette use were identified including: 1) There is no reason not to use e-cigarettes; 2) Using e-cigarettes helps with emotion management; 3) Vaping is a way of fitting in; and 4) Existing tobacco control policies don't work for vaping. E-cigarettes were not perceived as harmful to self and others, which could explain why Airmen were much less likely to adhere to existing tobacco control regulations. Subversion was viewed as the healthy option compared to utilizing designated tobacco use areas due to the potential exposure to traditional tobacco smoke. This coupled with a lack of understanding about e-cigarette regulations and difficulties with enforcement, promoted use among this young adult population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings suggest that e-cigarettes are used for similar reasons as traditional tobacco products, but their unique ability to be concealed promotes their widespread use and circumvents existing tobacco control policies. In order to see reductions in use, environmental policies may need to be paired with behavioral interventions at the personal and interpersonal level.</p>","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7668561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38720816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘I Think Smoking’s the Same, but the Toys Have Changed.’ Understanding Facilitators of E-Cigarette Use among Air Force Personnel","authors":"M. Little, Kinsey Pebley, Kathleen J. Porter, G. Talcott, G. Talcott, R. Krukowski","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2330-2178.1000047","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The military has stringent anti-tobacco regulations for new recruits. While most tobacco products have declined in recent years, e-cigarette use has tripled among this population. However, little is known about the factors facilitating this inverse relationship. Objectives: Examine the facilitators of e-cigarette use during a high risk period following initial enlistment among young adults. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with Airmen, Military Training Leaders (MTLs) and Technical Training Instructors (TTIs) to qualitatively explore unique characteristics of e-cigarettes leading to use in Technical Training. Results: The most commonly used tobacco product across participants was cigarettes (42.7%), followed by e-cigarettes (28.0%) and smokeless tobacco (22.6%). Almost a third (28.7%) of participants reported using more than one tobacco product. E-cigarette use was much more common among Airmen (76.1%), compared to MTLs (10.9%) and TTIs (13.0%). Four main facilitators around e-cigarette use were identified including: 1) There is no reason not to use e-cigarettes; 2) Using e-cigarettes helps with emotion management; 3) Vaping is a way of fitting in; and 4) Existing tobacco control policies don’t work for vaping. E-cigarettes were not perceived as harmful to self and others, which could explain why Airmen were much less likely to adhere to existing tobacco control regulations. Subversion was viewed as the healthy option compared to utilizing designated tobacco use areas due to the potential exposure to traditional tobacco smoke. This coupled with a lack of understanding about e-cigarette regulations and difficulties with enforcement, promoted use among this young adult population. Conclusion: Findings suggest that e-cigarettes are used for similar reasons as traditional tobacco products, but their unique ability to be concealed promotes their widespread use and circumvents existing tobacco control policies. In order to see reductions in use, environmental policies may need to be paired with behavioral interventions at the personal and interpersonal level.","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41654326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Extended-Access Cocaine Self-Administration on Working Memory Performance, Reversal Learning and Incubation of Cocaine-Seeking in Adult Male Rats.","authors":"Christina Gobin,&nbsp;Marek Schwendt","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2330-2178.1000035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cocaine use disorder is characterized not only by the high rate of relapse, but also by deficits in cognition and prefrontal cortical function. Still, the relationship between cognitive impairment and cocaine-seeking remains poorly understood. The current study used a rodent model to determine the effects of extended access cocaine self-administration on cognitive performance in a prefrontal cortex-dependent delayed match-to-sample/non-match-to-sample (DMS/DNMS) task. Further, this study sought to investigate how post-cocaine changes in cognitive performance correlate with cue/context-induced cocaine-seeking following a prolonged period of abstinence. Animals were trained to self-administer cocaine during 6 daily 1 hour-long sessions followed by 12 days of extended, 6 hour-long access. The extended access cocaine rats exhibited robust self-administration behavior and escalation of cocaine intake. Next, DMS/DNMS task was used to evaluate working memory capacity and reversal learning performance over a range of 0 - 30 s delays. Although this study failed to detect a major cognitive impairment, extended access to cocaine resulted in the persistent working memory/DMS deficit at a moderate cognitive load (10 s delay). There were no changes in the reversal learning/DNMS performance. It is likely that the parameters of the DMS/DNMS task, as used in the current study, exceeded acquisition capacity of rats thus obscuring cocaine effects at longer delays. Finally, rats showed a robust relapse of context/cue-elicited cocaine-seeking following the 45 - day abstinence. However, the intensity of cocaine-seeking did not correlate with the deficit in the DMS task. In conclusion, future studies must re-evaluate whether a more robust relationship between post-cocaine cognitive performance and cocaine-seeking can be detected under adjusted DMS/DNMS conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35458625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial Factors Associated with Substance Abuse and Anxiety on Immigrant and U.S. Born Latinos.","authors":"Roberto Lopez-Tamayo,&nbsp;Julia DiGangi,&nbsp;Gloria Segovia,&nbsp;Gabriela Leon,&nbsp;Josefina Alvarez,&nbsp;Leonard A Jason","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2330-2178.1000028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Latinos are exposed to adverse psychosocial factors that impact their health outcomes. Given the heterogeneity and rapid growth of this population, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms through which psychosocial factors impact substance abuse and anxiety between immigrant and U.S. born Latino adults. The present study employs a multi-group path analysis using Mplus 7.2 to examine generational differences in the paths between affiliation culture, years of formal education, contact with important people, and length of full-time employment to substance abuse and anxiety in immigrant and U.S. born Latino adults who completed substance abuse treatment. A total of 131 participants (Mage= 36.3, SD ± 10.5, 86.3% males, 48.1% non-U.S. born with a mean length of stay of 19 years in the U.S. (SD ± 13.71) in recovery from substance abuse completed self-report measures. Results from the multi-group path analysis suggest that being more affiliated to the U.S. culture is associated with substance abuse, whereas years of formal education and longer full-time employment is associated with reduced anxiety in the immigrant group. Conversely, frequent contact with important people and affiliation to the U.S. culture are associated with fewer years of substance abuse, whereas longer full-time employment is associated with substance abuse in the U.S. born group. Anxiety and substance abuse was correlated only in the U.S. born group. The implications of these findings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5568795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35348961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Factor Analysis of PTSD with Latino Samples with Substance Use Disorders.","authors":"Julia DiGangi,&nbsp;Diana Ohanian,&nbsp;Leonard A Jason","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2330-2178.1000031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) factor structure is not a generally agreed upon concept. It has remained controversial and its' efficacy regarding different trauma presentations is still in question. Therefore, it is imperative that we evaluate different conceptualizations of the PTSD factor structure. This study aims to understand how PTSD is structured when comorbid with Substance Use Disorder (SUD).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We evaluated presentations of PTSD - SUD from a Latino community based sample. This was done using several accepted models of the PTSD factor structure. We then performed an exploratory factor analysis of the factor structure of PTSD when comorbid with SUD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the factor structure of PTSD - SUD was different from the structure presented in the DSM - IV and other empirically validated structural models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The factor structure of PTSD may need to include a separate structure when PTSD is comorbid with SUD. Cultural differences when structuring the PTSD diagnosis should also be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5708568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35613097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Brief Alcohol Interventions on Drinking and Driving among Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Katarzyna T Steinka-Fry, Emily E Tanner-Smith, Emily A Hennessy","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000016","DOIUrl":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Alcohol-impaired driving persists as a major cause of traffic fatalities and injuries among young drivers. This meta-analysis examined whether brief alcohol interventions were effective in reducing driving after drinking among adolescents and young adults.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Our systematic search identified 12 experimental/quasi-experimental evaluations (16 intervention groups) that measured driving while intoxicated and related consequences and provided data for effect size calculation (<i>N</i> = 5,664; <i>M</i> age =17 years; 57% male). The studies were published between 1991 and 2011. Three-level random-effects meta-analyses using a structural equation modeling approach were used to summarize the effects of the interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with controls, participants in brief alcohol interventions reported reduced drinking and driving and related consequences (<i>ḡ</i> = 0.15, 95% CI [0.08, 0.21]). Supplemental analyses indicated that reductions in driving while intoxicated were positively associated with the reduced post-intervention heavy use of alcohol. These findings were not attenuated by study design or implementation factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Brief alcohol interventions under 5 hours of contact may constitute a promising preventive approach targeting drinking and driving among adolescents and young adults. Reducing heavy episodic alcohol consumption appeared to be a major factor in reducing drunk-driving instances. Interpretation of the findings must be made with caution, however, given the possibility of publication bias and the small observed effect size. Future research should focus on the exact mechanisms of behavior change leading to beneficial outcomes of brief alcohol interventions and the potential effectiveness of combined brief interventions and other preventive approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515415/pdf/nihms667753.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33877760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Epigenetic Mechanisms of Amphetamine.","authors":"Talus J McCowan,&nbsp;Archana Dhasarathy,&nbsp;Lucia Carvelli","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.S100001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2330-2178.S100001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant and the most prescribed drug to treat attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Although therapeutically used doses are generally well tolerated, numerous side effects are still known to occur, such as jitteriness, loss of appetite and psychosis. Moreover, AMPH is liable to be abused by users looking for increased alertness, weight loss or athletic performance. A growing body of evidence indicates that drugs of abuse, including AMPH, control gene expression through chromatin modifications. However, while numerous studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of AMPH action, only a small number of studies have explored changes in gene expression caused by AMPH. This review examines the epigenetic changes induced by chronic and acute treatments with AMPH and includes, where relevant, data obtained with other psychostimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine.</p>","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4955852/pdf/nihms665835.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34701235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Methamphetamine Increases Alpha-Synuclein Protein Levels in the Striatum and Hippocampus but not in the Cortex of Juvenile Mice.","authors":"B Butler, J Gamble-George, P Prins, A North, J T Clarke, H Khoshbouei","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methamphetamine is the second most widely used illicit drug worldwide. More than 290 tons of methamphetamine was synthesized in the year 2005 alone, corresponding to approximately ~3 billion 100 mg doses of methamphetamine. Drug addicts abuse high concentrations of methamphetamine for months and even years. Current reports in the literature are consistent with the interpretation that methamphetamine-induced neuronal injury may render methamphetamine users more susceptible to neurodegenerative pathologies. Specifically, chronic exposure to psychostimulants is associated with increases in striatal alpha-synuclein expression, a synaptic protein implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This raises the question whether methamphetamine exposure affects alpha-synuclein levels in the brain. In this short report, we examined alpha-synuclein protein and mRNA levels in the striatum, hippocampus and cortex of adolescent male mice following a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine (24mg/kg/daily/14days). We found that methamphetamine exposure resulted in a decrease in the monomeric form of alpha-synuclein (molecular species <19 kDa), while increasing higher molecular weight alpha-synuclein species (>19 kDa) in the striatum and hippocampus, but not in the cortex. Despite the elevation of high molecular weight alpha-synuclein species (>19 kDa), there was no change in the alpha-synuclein mRNA levels in the striatum, hippocampus and cortex of mice exposed to methamphetamine. The methamphetamine-induced increase in high molecular weight alpha-synuclein protein levels might be one of the causal mechanisms or one of the compensatory consequences of methamphetamine-mediated neurotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303106/pdf/nihms652837.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33332887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling Underage Drinking: Fear of Law Enforcement or Internalized Normative Values?","authors":"Won Kim Cook","doi":"10.13188/2330-2178.1000008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13188/2330-2178.1000008","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Previous research on alcohol control policies has generally taken a deterrence perspective. Whether internalized normative values, consistent with the changes intended by alcohol policies, were a potential base for securing public compliance with them has received little research attention. To fill this gap, this study examined whether underage young adults' support for underage drinking laws was associated with their alcohol use.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000National Alcohol Surveys (NAS) data collected in 1995-2005 were used. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Covariates included: sex, race, education level, household income, positive alcohol expectancies, the perceived likelihood of law enforcement, and the availability and affordability of alcohol.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Controlling for other covariates, support for underage drinking laws was significantly associated with some drinking outcomes. Underage young adults who were not supportive of the minimum legal drinking age law were more likely to engage in frequent binge drinking (OR=3.08) and drinking driving (OR=4.17), and to have initiated drinking at age 16 or younger (OR=2.37). Those who indicated a lower degree of support for the zero-tolerance drunk driving law had higher odds of drinking driving (OR=4.36), as well as higher odds of having ever had alcohol (OR=5.46), current drinking (OR=5.36), and having initiated drinking at the age of 16 or younger (OR=3.09). The perceived likelihood of law enforcement was protective only from frequent binge drinking (OR=0.09).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000A clear articulation of potential harms associated with underage drinking to help legitimize underage drinking laws, along with their rigorous enforcement, may help reduce underage drinking.","PeriodicalId":90570,"journal":{"name":"Journal of addiction & prevention","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169217/pdf/nihms550679.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32686012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}