Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology最新文献

Being enjoyably challenged is the key to an enjoyable gaming experience: an experimental approach in a first-person shooter game. 有趣的挑战是获得有趣游戏体验的关键:第一人称射击游戏中的实验方法。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2018-05-15 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20009011.2018.1474668

Anne Corcos

{"title":"Being enjoyably challenged is the key to an enjoyable gaming experience: an experimental approach in a first-person shooter game.","authors":"Anne Corcos","doi":"10.1080/20009011.2018.1474668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20009011.2018.1474668","url":null,"abstract":"Applied to video games, Csikszentmihalyi's work on flow evidences that a positive gaming experience is intrinsically self-rewarding and primarily determined by the skill/challenge balance. A multi-layered measure of enjoyment is built to take these components into account. Gamers were asked to report the concentration-enjoyment they experienced during a first-person shooter game, and to better assess the gap between skill and challenge, the challenge enjoyment was also rated. Along with concentration level, concentration enjoyment is used to build a gaming experience typology that accounts for the self-rewarding component. An enjoyment-based challenge mapping is also drawn up, crossing challenge enjoyment and challenge level. The results show that this integrative enjoyment measure strengthens the causal link between challenge and gaming experience. Most importantly, the findings suggest that challenge or concentration-based enjoyment measures outweigh the standard concentration and difficulty measures as they are more likely to ensure a pleasant and positive experience (flow or relaxation) for the gamers. Indeed, regardless of the reported level of challenge, a gamer is more likely to have a positive experience when challenged at a level she perceives as pleasant. This article emphasizes the importance for game publishers of gathering enjoyment-based concentration and challenge assessments to ensure a positive gaming experience and gamers' commitment.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"8 1","pages":"1474668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20009011.2018.1474668","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36118700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Prospective memory evaluation in aging: new tools and methods. 衰老的前瞻性记忆评价:新工具和新方法。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2017-08-23 eCollection Date: 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20009011.2017.1357413

Mathieu Hainselin

{"title":"Prospective memory evaluation in aging: new tools and methods.","authors":"Mathieu Hainselin","doi":"10.1080/20009011.2017.1357413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20009011.2017.1357413","url":null,"abstract":"Prospective memory (PM) is generally defined as ‘memory for actions to perform at a defined time in the future’, but recent publications have discussed this definition to specify it further [1]. PM is the most common cognitive complaint after 50 years of age, and everybody says to themselves once in a while, ‘I have something to do, but cannot remember what it is’ or ‘I should have done that before, why did I not remember at the appropriate moment?’ Twenty-seven years since the original paper by Einstein and McDaniel [2] on specific research in this area, there is still growing interest in PM (eight publications in 1994, 17 in 2004 and 103 in 2016, according to PubMed). The fields of experimental and clinical psychology, neuropsychology, medicine, neuroscience and education have developed different methods to explore and understand PM throughout life, in both healthy participants and patients. Beyond the classical debates concerning the PM age paradox [3] and the dissociation between prospective and retrospective components [4], this special issue highlights new methods to evaluate PM. The first paper, by Blondelle et al. [5], is very informative on the role of regularity on PM throughout life. Moreover, this paper emphasizes the need to conduct an integrative and complete cognitive assessment, and not just to assess PM by itself. The second paper, by Lecouvey et al. [6], uses a novel virtual reality method to assess PM within a virtual city. As well as allowing precise evaluation, the paradigm has a high level of ecological validity. Future paradigms need to assess the role of binding, pointed out in both studies. Beyond the laboratory evaluations and scientific purposes, clinicians and researchers could develop new rehabilitation methods, including binding support to improve PM performance in everyday life.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1357413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20009011.2017.1357413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35568149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is binding decline the main source of the ageing effect on prospective memory? A ride in a virtual town. 约束衰退是前瞻记忆老化效应的主要来源吗?在一个虚拟的城镇里兜风。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2017-04-10 eCollection Date: 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/20009011.2017.1304610

Grégory Lecouvey, Julie Gonneaud, Pascale Piolino, Sophie Madeleine, Eric Orriols, Philippe Fleury, Francis Eustache, Béatrice Desgranges

{"title":"Is binding decline the main source of the ageing effect on prospective memory? A ride in a virtual town.","authors":"Grégory Lecouvey, Julie Gonneaud, Pascale Piolino, Sophie Madeleine, Eric Orriols, Philippe Fleury, Francis Eustache, Béatrice Desgranges","doi":"10.1080/20009011.2017.1304610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20009011.2017.1304610","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study was designed to improve our understanding of prospective memory (PM) changes in ageing, and to identify the cognitive correlates of PM decline, using a virtual environment, to provide a more realistic assessment than traditional laboratory tasks. Design: Thirty-five young and 29 older individuals exposed to a virtual town were asked to recall three event-based intentions with a strong link between prospective and retrospective components, three event-based intentions with a weak link, and three time-based intentions. They also underwent retrospective episodic memory, executive functions, binding in working memory, processing speed, and time estimation assessments. Results: Older individuals recalled fewer intentions than young adults. While age-related PM decline affected the recall of both prospective and retrospective components, the recall of the latter seemed more challenging for older individuals when the link was weak. This PM decline was linked to an age-related decline in the binding process in working memory, as well as in processing speed, executive functioning, and episodic memory, depending on the nature of intentions. Conclusion: PM appears to be sensitive to ageing, even when the device is thought to be ecological. This decline is particularly pronounced when controlled processes are needed.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1304610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20009011.2017.1304610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35047727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

An evolutionary behaviorist perspective on orgasm. 从进化行为主义角度看性高潮。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2016-10-25 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.32130

Diana S Fleischman

{"title":"An evolutionary behaviorist perspective on orgasm.","authors":"Diana S Fleischman","doi":"10.3402/snp.v6.32130","DOIUrl":"10.3402/snp.v6.32130","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary explanations for sexual behavior and orgasm most often posit facilitating reproduction as the primary function (i.e. greater rate of fertilization). Other reproductive benefits of sexual pleasure and orgasm such as improved bonding of parents have also been discussed but not thoroughly. Although sex is known to be highly reinforcing, behaviorist principles are rarely invoked alongside evolutionary psychology in order to account for human sexual and social behavior. In this paper, I will argue that intense sexual pleasure, especially orgasm, can be understood as a primary reinforcer shaped by evolution to reinforce behavior that facilitates reproductive success (i.e. conception through copulation). Next, I will describe an evolutionary account of social shaping. In particular, I will focus on how humans evolved to use orgasm and sexual arousal to shape the social behavior and emotional states of others through both classical and operant conditioning and through both reproductive and non-reproductive forms of sexual behavior. Finally, I will describe how orgasm is a signal of sensitivity to reinforcement that is itself reinforcing.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":"32130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69949573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The whole versus the sum of some of the parts: toward resolving the apparent controversy of clitoral versus vaginal orgasms. 整体与部分之和：解决阴蒂高潮与阴道高潮的明显争议。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2016-10-25 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.32578

James G Pfaus, Gonzalo R Quintana, Conall Mac Cionnaith, Mayte Parada

{"title":"The whole versus the sum of some of the parts: toward resolving the apparent controversy of clitoral versus vaginal orgasms.","authors":"James G Pfaus, Gonzalo R Quintana, Conall Mac Cionnaith, Mayte Parada","doi":"10.3402/snp.v6.32578","DOIUrl":"10.3402/snp.v6.32578","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The nature of a woman's orgasm has been a source of scientific, political, and cultural debate for over a century. Since the Victorian era, the pendulum has swung from the vagina to the clitoris, and to some extent back again, with the current debate stuck over whether internal sensory structures exist in the vagina that could account for orgasms based largely on their stimulation, or whether stimulation of the external glans clitoris is always necessary for orgasm.Method: We review the history of the clitoral versus vaginal orgasm debate as it has evolved with conflicting ideas and data from psychiatry and psychoanalysis, epidemiology, evolutionary theory, feminist political theory, physiology, and finally neuroscience.Results: A new synthesis is presented that acknowledges the enormous potential women have to experience orgasms from one or more sources of sensory input, including the external clitoral glans, internal region around the \"G-spot\" that corresponds to the internal clitoral bulbs, the cervix, as well as sensory stimulation of non-genital areas such as the nipples.Conclusions: With experience, stimulation of one or all of these triggering zones are integrated into a \"whole\" set of sensory inputs, movements, body positions, autonomic arousal, and partner- and contextual-related cues, that reliably induces pleasure and orgasm during masturbation and copulation. The process of integration is iterative and can change across the lifespan with new experiences of orgasm.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":"32578"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084726/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69949709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of orgasm in the development and shaping of partner preferences. 性高潮在发展和形成伴侣偏好中的作用。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2016-10-25 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31815

Genaro A Coria-Avila, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, Nafissa Ismail, James G Pfaus

{"title":"The role of orgasm in the development and shaping of partner preferences.","authors":"Genaro A Coria-Avila, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, Nafissa Ismail, James G Pfaus","doi":"10.3402/snp.v6.31815","DOIUrl":"10.3402/snp.v6.31815","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The effect of orgasm on the development and shaping of partner preferences may involve a catalysis of the neurochemical mechanisms of bonding. Therefore, understanding such process is relevant for neuroscience and psychology.Methods: A systematic review was carried out using the terms Orgasm, Sexual Reward, Partner Preference, Pair Bonding, Brain, Learning, Sex, Copulation.Results: In humans, concentrations of arousing neurotransmitters and potential bonding neurotransmitters increase during orgasm in the cerebrospinal fluid and the bloodstream. Similarly, studies in animals indicate that those neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, oxytocin, prolactin) and others (e.g. dopamine, opioids, serotonin) modulate the appetitive and consummatory phases of sexual behavior and reward. This suggests a link between the experience of orgasm/sexual reward and the neurochemical mechanisms of pair bonding. Orgasm/reward functions as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Some areas in the nervous system function as UCS-detection centers, which become activated during orgasm. Partner-related cues function as conditioned stimuli (CS) and are processed in CS-detector centers.Conclusions: Throughout the article, we discuss how UCS- and CS-detection centers must interact to facilitate memory consolidation and produce recognition and motivation during future social encounters.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":"31815"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69949304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Testing the mate-choice hypothesis of the female orgasm: disentangling traits and behaviours. 测试雌性性高潮的择偶假说：区分性状和行为。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2016-10-25 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31562

James M Sherlock, Morgan J Sidari, Emily Ann Harris, Fiona Kate Barlow, Brendan P Zietsch

{"title":"Testing the mate-choice hypothesis of the female orgasm: disentangling traits and behaviours.","authors":"James M Sherlock, Morgan J Sidari, Emily Ann Harris, Fiona Kate Barlow, Brendan P Zietsch","doi":"10.3402/snp.v6.31562","DOIUrl":"10.3402/snp.v6.31562","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The evolution of the female orgasm in humans and its role in romantic relationships is poorly understood. Whereas the male orgasm is inherently linked to reproduction, the female orgasm is not linked to obvious reproductive or survival benefits. It also occurs less consistently during penetrative sex than does the male orgasm. Mate-choice hypotheses posit that the wide variation in female orgasm frequency reflects a discriminatory mechanism designed to select high-quality mates.Objective: We aimed to determine (1) whether women report that their orgasm frequency varies between partners, (2) whether this variation reflects mates' personal characteristics, and (3) whether this variation reflects own and partner sexual behaviour during intercourse.Design: We collected survey data from 103 women who rated (1) the extent to which their orgasm frequency varied between partners, (2) the characteristics of previous sexual partners who induced high-orgasm frequency and those who induced low-orgasm frequency, and (3) the specific behaviours during sex with those partners. This is the first study to test within-woman variation in orgasm and partner traits.Results: Overall, women reported variation in their orgasm rates with different partners. Partners who induced high-orgasm rates were rated as more humorous, creative, warm, faithful, and better smelling than partners who induced low-orgasm rates, and also engaged in greater efforts to induce partner orgasm.Conclusions: Some assumptions and predictions of mate-choice hypotheses of female orgasm were supported, while other aspects of our findings provide reasons to remain sceptical.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":"31562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69949073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What is orgasm? A model of sexual trance and climax via rhythmic entrainment. 什么是性高潮？通过韵律牵引达到性恍惚和性高潮的模式。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2016-10-25 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31763

Adam Safron

{"title":"What is orgasm? A model of sexual trance and climax via rhythmic entrainment.","authors":"Adam Safron","doi":"10.3402/snp.v6.31763","DOIUrl":"10.3402/snp.v6.31763","url":null,"abstract":"Orgasm is one of the most intense pleasures attainable to an organism, yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. On the basis of existing literatures, this article introduces a novel mechanistic model of sexual stimulation and orgasm. In doing so, it characterizes the neurophenomenology of sexual trance and climax, describes parallels in dynamics between orgasms and seizures, speculates on possible evolutionary origins of sex differences in orgasmic responding, and proposes avenues for future experimentation. Here, a model is introduced wherein sexual stimulation induces entrainment of coupling mechanical and neuronal oscillatory systems, thus creating synchronized functional networks within which multiple positive feedback processes intersect synergistically to contribute to sexual experience. These processes generate states of deepening sensory absorption and trance, potentially culminating in climax if critical thresholds are surpassed. The centrality of rhythmic stimulation (and its modulation by salience) for surpassing these thresholds suggests ways in which differential orgasmic responding between individuals-or with different partners-may serve as a mechanism for ensuring adaptive mate choice. Because the production of rhythmic stimulation combines honest indicators of fitness with cues relating to potential for investment, differential orgasmic response may serve to influence the probability of continued sexual encounters with specific mates.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":"31763"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69949263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do rats have orgasms? 老鼠有高潮吗?

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2016-10-25 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.31883

James G Pfaus, Tina Scardochio, Mayte Parada, Christine Gerson, Gonzalo R Quintana, Genaro A Coria-Avila

{"title":"Do rats have orgasms?","authors":"James G Pfaus, Tina Scardochio, Mayte Parada, Christine Gerson, Gonzalo R Quintana, Genaro A Coria-Avila","doi":"10.3402/snp.v6.31883","DOIUrl":"10.3402/snp.v6.31883","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although humans experience orgasms with a degree of statistical regularity, they remain among the most enigmatic of sexual responses; difficult to define and even more difficult to study empirically. The question of whether animals experience orgasms is hampered by similar lack of definition and the additional necessity of making inferences from behavioral responses.Method: Here we define three behavioral criteria, based on dimensions of the subjective experience of human orgasms described by Mah and Binik, to infer orgasm-like responses (OLRs) in other species: 1) physiological criteria that include pelvic floor and anal muscle contractions that stimulate seminal emission and/or ejaculation in the male, or that stimulate uterine and cervical contractions in the female; 2) short-term behavioral changes that reflect immediate awareness of a pleasurable hedonic reward state during copulation; and 3) long-term behavioral changes that depend on the reward state induced by the OLR, including sexual satiety, the strengthening of patterns of sexual arousal and desire in subsequent copulations, and the generation of conditioned place and partner preferences for contextual and partner-related cues associated with the reward state. We then examine whether physiological and behavioral data from observations of male and female rats during copulation, and in sexually-conditioned place- and partner-preference paradigms, are consistent with these criteria.Results: Both male and female rats display behavioral patterns consistent with OLRs.Conclusions: The ability to infer OLRs in rats offers new possibilities to study the phenomenon in neurobiological and molecular detail, and to provide both comparative and translational perspectives that would be useful for both basic and clinical research.","PeriodicalId":90343,"journal":{"name":"Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":"31883"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3402/snp.v6.31883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69949114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Introductory editorial to 'Orgasm: Neurophysiological, Psychological, and Evolutionary Perspectives'. 《性高潮:神经生理学、心理学和进化观点》的导论社论。

Socioaffective neuroscience & psychology Pub Date : 2016-10-25 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.3402/snp.v6.33598

Victoria Klimaj, Adam Safron

引用次数: 2