Journal of sexually transmitted diseases最新文献

{"title":"Women and Children First: The Impact of Sexually Transmitted Infections on Maternal and Child Health.","authors":"Consuelo Beck Sagué, Carolyn Black, Stephen A Morse, George Schmid","doi":"10.1155/2014/671085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/671085","url":null,"abstract":"In 2000, all 189 Member States of the United Nations (UN) adopted the UN Millennium Declaration, committing them to pursue eight measurable targets, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) [1, 2] to be achieved by 2015. The MDGs were intended to: (1) eradicate severe poverty and hunger; (2) achieve universal primary education; (3) promote gender equality and empowerment of women; (4) reduce child mortality; (5) improve maternal health; (6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other infectious diseases; (7) ensure environmental sustainability; and (8) develop a global partnership for development. The unprecedented effort required to achieve the MDGs addresses issues and conditions especially relevant to the health and survival of women—particularly mothers—and infants, children, and youth. Despite calls for universal access to reproductive and sexual health, no MDG addressed these issues, which are critical to maternal and child health and remain neglected [3]. The MDGs proposed dramatic reductions in, or elimination of, scourges that have plagued humankind since its beginnings including severe poverty, famine, and pregnancy-related mortality as well as one emerging infectious disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, only recognized in the last decades of the 20th century, which was singled out for particular attention [1, 2]. Arguably, never before has elimination of the inequalities at the root of these scourges been articulated even as a possibility, let alone as goals to be urgently pursued. But without an MDG focused on reproductive health, progress on this issue relies on its being buoyed by efforts towards addressing the eight MDGs. Progress towards achievement of MDG indicators has been impressive; some (such as the halving of the number of people living in extreme poverty) were achieved before 2015 [4]. Others, including reduction of HIV mother-to-child transmission to less than 2% [5], are either on schedule or achievable by 2016-2017. Much, however, remains to be done. It is in that context that the disproportionate and largely preventable toll that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) exact on women, including mothers, and infants, children, and youth, is reexamined. Women, particularly adolescent women, are especially vulnerable to STIs due to, among other factors, a larger exposed mucosal surface area, hormonal effects, changes in the protective female genital tract microflora, and the intermittent presence of ectopy, especially in adolescence [6–8]. These groups are also at increased risk due to sexual partnerships with older men, little power over when, where, and how sex occurs, and other social and cultural factors. However, poverty, neglect, and inequality drive much of the increased risk of women and children. The impact of STIs on maternal and child populations is greatest in low- and middle-income countries, where over 75% of STIs reportedly occur [9, 10]. Within these countries and in underserved populatio","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"671085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/671085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34026641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Trichomoniasis, Vaginal Candidiasis, Genital Herpes, Chlamydiasis, and Actinomycosis among Urban and Rural Women of Haryana, India.","authors":"Brij Bala Arora,&nbsp;Megha Maheshwari,&nbsp;Naiya Devgan,&nbsp;D R Arora","doi":"10.1155/2014/963812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/963812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite being curable reproductive tract infections (RTIs) including sexually transmitted infections continue to be a major health problem in developing countries. The present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of trichomoniasis, vaginal candidiasis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, and actinomycosis in rural and urban women of Haryana by using wet mount, PAP smear, and fluorescent microscopic examination. Patients suspected of suffering from bacterial vaginosis were given treatment and were not included in the study. RTIs were seen in 16.6% of urban and 28.7% of rural women. The highest prevalence seen was that of trichomoniasis in both rural (24.2%) and urban (15.7%) women, followed by candidiasis (4.2% in rural and 0.6% in urban women), genital herpes (0.3% in rural and 0.2% in urban women), and chlamydiasis (0.02% in rural and 0.05% in urban women). Pelvic actinomycosis was seen in 1.4% of rural and 0.06% of urban women using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Mixed infection of Trichomonas vaginalis with Candida spp. was seen in 6.3% of rural women only. It is desirable to have a baseline profile of the prevalence of various agents causing RTIs in a particular geographic area and population which will help in better syndromic management of the patients. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"963812"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/963812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34026645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to \"Increasing Antenatal Care and HIV Testing among Rural Pregnant Women with Conditional Cash Transfers to Self-Help Groups: An Evaluation Study in Rural Mysore, India\".","authors":"Purnima Madhivanan,&nbsp;Bhavana Niranjankumar,&nbsp;Reshma Shaheen,&nbsp;Poornima Jaykrishna,&nbsp;Kavitha Ravi,&nbsp;Savitha Gowda,&nbsp;Vijaya Srinivas,&nbsp;Anjali Arun,&nbsp;Karl Krupp","doi":"10.1155/2014/964269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/964269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2013/971458.]. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"964269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/964269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34030320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Transmission of HCV in Heterologous Monogamous Spouses.","authors":"Mona M Rafik,&nbsp;Yehia El Shazly,&nbsp;Amal A Abbas,&nbsp;Walid Abd Elhady,&nbsp;Dina Ragab,&nbsp;Dina AlShennawy","doi":"10.1155/2014/140640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/140640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We screened for evidence of HCV infection in healthy heterologous monogamous spouses of chronic HCV patients and studied the relation with various risk factors. A cross-sectional study of fifty healthy monogamous heterosexual spouses of HCV-positive index cases was carried out. All participants were HBV and HIV negative. The association with various risk factors was studied. Five spouses (10%) showed evidence of HCV infection. Two partners were positive for HCV antibody alone (4%) and 3 for antibody and HCV PCR (6%). No association was found between HCV infection and various sociodemographic parameters with the exception of older age categories. Intraspousal transmission of HCV may be an important source of spread of HCV infection. The reservoir of HCV-infected individuals in Egypt is sizable, and sexual transmission of HCV may contribute to the total burden of infection in Egypt. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"140640"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/140640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33960023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Young Risk Takers: Alcohol, Illicit Drugs, and Sexual Practices among a Sample of Music Festival Attendees.","authors":"Rebecca Jenkinson,&nbsp;Anna Bowring,&nbsp;Paul Dietze,&nbsp;Margaret Hellard,&nbsp;Megan S C Lim","doi":"10.1155/2014/357239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/357239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Alcohol and other drug use and sexual risk behaviour are increasing among young Australians, with associated preventable health outcomes such as sexually transmissible infections (STIs) on the rise. Methods. A cross-sectional study of young people's health behaviours conducted at a music festival in Melbourne, Australia, in 2011. Results. 1365 young people aged 16-29 completed the survey; 62% were female with a mean age of 20 years. The majority (94%, n = 1287) reported drinking alcohol during the previous 12 months; among those, 32% reported \"binge\" drinking (6+ drinks) at least weekly. Half (52%) reported ever using illicit drugs and 25% reported past month use. One-quarter (27%) were identified as being at risk of STIs through unprotected sex with new or casual partners during the previous 12 months. Multivariable analyses found that risky sexual behaviour was associated with younger age (≤19 years), younger age of sexual debut (≤15 years), having discussed sexual health/contraception with a doctor, regular binge drinking, and recent illicit drug use. Conclusion. Substance use correlated strongly with risky sexual behaviour. Further research should explore young people's knowledge of alcohol/drug-related impairment and associated risk-taking behaviours, and campaigns should encourage appropriate STI testing among music festival attendees. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"357239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/357239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34026640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Reported Consistent Condom Usage among Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in Tamil Nadu, India.","authors":"Saumya Rastogi,&nbsp;Bimal Charles,&nbsp;Asirvatham Edwin Sam","doi":"10.1155/2014/952035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/952035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clients of female sex workers (FSWs) possess a high potential of transmitting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections from high risk FSWs to the general population. Promotion of safer sex practices among the clients is essential to limit the spread of HIV/AIDS epidemic. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of consistent condom use (CCU) among clients of FSWs and to assess the factors associated with CCU in Tamil Nadu. 146 male respondents were recruited from the hotspots who reportedly had sex with FSWs in exchange for cash at least once in the past one month. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate methods. Overall, 48.6 and 0.8 percent clients consistently used condoms in the past 12 months with FSWs and regular partners, respectively. Logistic regression showed that factors such as education, peers' use of condoms, and alcohol consumption significantly influenced clients' CCU with FSWs. Strategies for safe sex-behaviour are needed among clients of FSWs in order to limit the spread of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the general population. The role of peer-educators in experience sharing and awareness generation must also be emphasized. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"952035"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437417/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34026644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trichomonas vaginalis Incidence Associated with Hormonal Contraceptive Use and HIV Infection among Women in Rakai, Uganda.","authors":"Heena Brahmbhatt,&nbsp;Richard Musoke,&nbsp;Frederick Makumbi,&nbsp;Godfrey Kigozi,&nbsp;David Serwadda,&nbsp;Maria Wawer,&nbsp;Ronald Gray","doi":"10.1155/2014/916597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/916597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Data on the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis and use of hormonal contraception (HC) are limited. Methods. 2,374 sexually active women aged 15-49 years from cohort surveys in Rakai, Uganda, were included. Incidence of T. vaginalis was estimated per 100 person years (py) and association between HC (DMPA, Norplant, and oral contraceptives) and T. vaginalis infection was assessed by incidence rate ratios (IRR), using Poisson regression models. Results. At baseline, 34.9% had used HC in the last 12 months, 12.8% HIV+, 39.7% with high BV-scores (7-10), and 3.1% syphilis positive. The 12-month incidence of T. vaginalis was 2.4/100 py; CI (1.90, 3.25). When stratified by type of HC used, compared to women who did not use HC or condoms, incidence of T. vaginalis was significantly higher among users of Norplant (adj.IRR = 3.01, CI: 1.07-8.49) and significantly lower among DMPA users (adj.IRR = 0.55, CI: 0.30, 0.98) and women who discontinued HC use at follow-up (adj.IRR = 0.30, CI: 0.09, 0.99). HIV infection was associated with an increase in incidence of T. vaginalis (adj.IRR = 2.34, CI: 1.44, 3.78). Conclusions. Use of Norplant and being HIV+ significantly increased the risk of T. vaginalis, while use of DMPA and discontinuation of overall HC use were associated with a decreased incidence of T. vaginalis. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"916597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/916597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34026643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Married Men Perceptions and Barriers to Participation in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Care in Osogbo, Nigeria.","authors":"Ademola L Adelekan, Elizabeth R Edoni, Oladipupo S Olaleye","doi":"10.1155/2014/680962","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2014/680962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Men's role in HIV prevention is pivotal to changing the course of the epidemic. Men's barriers toward participation in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) have not been adequately documented. This study is therefore designed to determine men's level of awareness and barriers to their participation in PMTCT programmes in Osogbo, Nigeria. This study was a descriptive qualitative one that utilized Focus Group Discussion (FGD). One-hundred and sixty married men were selected by convenience sampling and interviewed. Data collected were analysed using content analysis technique. Demographic data were analysed using SPSS 15.0 software to generate frequency tables. Participants mean age was 31.9 ± 5.9 years. Many of the participants had heard about PMTCT and the majority agreed that it is good to accompany their wife to Antenatal Care (ANC) but only few had ever done so. Societal norms and cultural barriers were the leading identified barriers for male involvement in PMTCT programmes. The majority of the participant perceived it was a good idea to accompany their wife to antenatal care but putting this into practice was a problem due to societal norms and cultural barriers. Community sensitization programmes such as health education aimed at breaking cultural barriers should be instituted by government and nongovernmental agencies. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"680962"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34026642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Care Seeking Behaviour and Barriers to Accessing Services for Sexual Health Problems among Women in Rural Areas of Tamilnadu State in India.","authors":"Rejoice Puthuchira Ravi,&nbsp;Ravishankar Athimulam Kulasekaran","doi":"10.1155/2014/292157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/292157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be either asymptomatic or symptomatic. Regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms all STIs can lead to major complications if left untreated. Objective. To assess the care seeking behaviour and barriers to accessing services for sexual health problems among young married women in rural areas of Thiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu state in India. Methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in 28 villages selected using multistage sampling technique for selecting 605 women in the age group of 15-24 years during July 2010-April 2011. Results. The prevalence rate of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and STIs was observed to be 14.5% and 8.8%, respectively, among the study population. Itching/irritation over vulva, thick white discharge, discharge with unpleasant odor, and frequent and uncomfortable urination were most commonly experienced symptoms of sexual health problems. Around three-fourth of the women received treatment for sexual health problems. Perception of symptoms as normal, feeling shy, lack of female health workers, distance to health facility, and lack of availability of treatment were identified as major barriers for not seeking treatment for RTIs/STIs. Conclusion. Family tradition and poor socioeconomic conditions of the family appear to be the main reasons for not utilizing the health facility for sexual health problems. Integrated approach is strongly suggested for creating awareness to control the spread of sexual health problems among young people. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2014 ","pages":"292157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2014/292157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33960024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-1 Progression: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.","authors":"Helen M Chun,&nbsp;Robert J Carpenter,&nbsp;Grace E Macalino,&nbsp;Nancy F Crum-Cianflone","doi":"10.1155/2013/176459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/176459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to shared routes of infection, HIV-infected persons are frequently coinfected with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Studies have demonstrated the bidirectional relationships between HIV and several STIs, including herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), hepatitis B and C viruses, human papilloma virus, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomonas. HIV-1 may affect the clinical presentation, treatment outcome, and progression of STIs, such as syphilis, HSV-2, and hepatitis B and C viruses. Likewise, the presence of an STI may increase both genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, enhancing the transmissibility of HIV-1, with important public health implications. Regarding the effect of STIs on HIV-1 progression, the most studied interrelationship has been with HIV-1/HSV-2 coinfection, with recent studies showing that antiherpetic medications slow the time to CD4 <200 cells/µL and antiretroviral therapy among coinfected patients. The impact of other chronic STIs (hepatitis B and C) on HIV-1 progression requires further study, but some studies have shown increased mortality rates. Treatable, nonchronic STIs (i.e., syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomonas) typically have no or transient impacts on plasma HIV RNA levels that resolve with antimicrobial therapy; no long-term effects on outcomes have been shown. Future studies are advocated to continue investigating the complex interplay between HIV-1 and other STIs. </p>","PeriodicalId":90237,"journal":{"name":"Journal of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"2013 ","pages":"176459"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2013/176459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34026358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}