Biodiversity Information Science and Standards最新文献

{"title":"Semantic Mapping of the Geologic Time Scale: A temporal reference","authors":"Susan Edelstein, Ben Norton","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112232","url":null,"abstract":"The Geologic Time Scale is an ordered hierarchical set of terms representing specific time intervals in Earth's history. The hierarchical structure is correlated to the geologic record and major geologic events in Earth’s history (Gradstein et al. 2020). In the absence of quantitative numeric age values from absolute dating methods, the relative time intervals in the geologic time scale provide us with the vocabulary needed for deciphering Earth’s history and chronological reconstruction. This temporal frame of reference is critical to establishing correlations between specimens and how they fit within the Earth’s 4.567 Ga (giga annum) history.\u0000 Due to spatial and temporal variations in the stratigraphic record, the terminology used in conjunction with geologic time scales is largely inconsistent. For a detailed discussion regarding term use in geologic timescales, see Cohen et al. (2013). As a result, published values for geologic timescale terms are often ambiguous and highly variable, limiting interoperability and hindering temporal correlations among specimens. A solution is to map verbatim geologic timescale values to a controlled vocabulary, constructing a single temporal frame of reference. The harmonization process is governed by an established set of business rules that can ultimately become fully or partially automated.\u0000 In this study, we examined the Global Biodiversity Information Facility’s (GBIF) published distinct verbatim values for Darwin Core terms in the GeologicalContext Class of Darwin Core to assess the the use of chronostratiphic terms, a process highlighted in Sahdev et al. (2017). Preservation of these verbatim values, the initial unmapped set of published values, is important. Many are derived directly from primary source material and possess special historical and regional significance. These include land mammal ages (e.g., Lindsay (2003)), biostratigraphic zones, regional terms, and terms with higher granularity than the International Commission of Stratigraphy’s (ICS) timescale allows (e.g., subages/substages). For the purposes of this study, we selected the 2023/6 version of the ICS chronostratigraphic timescale as the controlled vocabulary (Cohen et al. 2023). The ICS is the most widely adopted timescale, comprising the most generalized and universally applicable intervals of geologic time.\u0000 After semantic analysis of the verbatim values (see Table 1 for comparative statistics), we established a comprehensive set of business rules to map to the ICS timescale controlled vocabulary. This process yielded a collection of documented procedures to transform the heterogeneous collection of published terms into a semantically consistent dataset. The end result is a single temporal frame of reference for published geologic and paleontological specimens through semantic mapping to improve the temporal correlations between geologic specimens globally through data interoperability. This talk will highlight the process of harmon","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84260869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Data Platform of West and Central African Herbaria","authors":"Alice Ainsa, Sophie Pamerlon, Anne-Sophie Archambeau, Rémi Beauvieux, R. Radji, Hervé Chevillotte","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112180","url":null,"abstract":"In April 2021, a Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) project was launched to deliver a regional data platform of West and Central African herbaria, which just concluded in April 2023. A dataset containing 168,545 herbarium specimens from 6 different countries: Togo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Benin, Guinea Conakry and Cameroon, is now visible on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) website and will be regularly updated. A checklist datatset (Radji 2023a) and an occurrence dataset (Radji 2023b) obtained from herbarium parts are also available on GBIF.\u0000 In addition, a Living Atlases portal for herbaria in West and Central Africa has been created to allow users to search, display, filter, and download these data. This application reuses open source modules developed by the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) community (Morin et al. 2021).\u0000 In addition to that, the RIHA platform (Réseau Informatique des Herbiers d'Afrique / Digital Network of African Herbaria) enables herbarium administrators to manage their own data. Thanks to all these tools, the workflow (Fig. 1) for data publication on GBIF is carried out regularly and easily and the addition of new member herbaria from West and Central Africa can be easily incorporated.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80691004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retiring TDWG Standards and How Mapping Standards Could Support Agility","authors":"Kristen \"Kit\" Lewers","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112258","url":null,"abstract":"Since its genesis in September 1985, TDWG (formerly Taxonomic Databases Working Group now Biodiversity Information Standards) has become the steward of standards for the biodiversity informatics community; however, there is not yet a process for retiring standards. This talk will educate the community members on TDWG Standard categories of \"Current Standard\", \"Prior Standard\", \"2005 Standard\", and the history and context of how these categories came to be. It will also report on the progress the TAG (Technical Architecture Group) has made on moving towards creating a process for retiring standards through auditing, community participation, and other methods. \u0000 Mapping TDWG standards can provide an agility to address overlaps, gaps, contradictions, and/or inconsistencies between standards in a proactive manner. Mapping standards' relationships provides infrastructure to support decision-making, combat information overload, and give context to the community as it continues to progress at a rapid pace. More specifically for TDWG, it gives a clear picture how updating, ratifying, and/or retiring a singular standard impacts the greater TDWG information ecosystem and how to update adjacent standards to preserve clarity and consistency for the community as a whole.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83207348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevating the Fitness of Use of GBIF Occurrence Datasets: A proposal for peer review","authors":"Vijay Barve","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112237","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiversity data plays a pivotal role in understanding and conserving our natural world. As the largest occurrence data aggregator, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) serves as a valuable platform for researchers and practitioners to access and analyze biodiversity information from across the globe (Ball-Damerow et al. 2019). However, ensuring the quality of GBIF datasets remains a critical challenge (Chapman 2005).\u0000 The community emphasizes the importance of data quality and its direct impact on the fitness of use for biodiversity research and conservation efforts (Chapman et al. 2020). While GBIF continues to grow in terms of the quantity of data it provides, the quality of these datasets varies significantly (Zizka et al. 2020). The biodiversity informatics community has been working diligently to ensure data quality at every step of data creation, curation, publication (Waller et al. 2021), and end-use (Gueta et al. 2019) by employing automated tools and flagging systems to identify and address issues. However, there is still more work to be done to effectively address data quality problems and enhance the fitness of use for GBIF-mediated data.\u0000 I highlight a missing component in GBIF's data publication process: the absence of formal peer reviews. Despite GBIF encompassing the essential elements of a data paper, including detailed metadata, data accessibility, and robust data citation mechanisms, the lack of peer review hinders the credibility and reliability of the datasets mobilized through GBIF.\u0000 To bridge this gap, I propose the implementation of a comprehensive peer review system within GBIF. Peer reviews would involve subjecting GBIF datasets to rigorous evaluation by domain experts and data scientists, ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of the data. This process would enhance the trustworthiness and usability of datasets, enabling researchers and policymakers to make informed decisions based on reliable biodiversity information.\u0000 Furthermore, the establishment of a peer review system within GBIF would foster collaboration and knowledge exchange among the biodiversity community, as experts provide constructive feedback to dataset authors. This iterative process would not only improve data quality but also encourage data contributors to adhere to best practices, thereby elevating the overall standards of biodiversity data mobilization through GBIF.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74002214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Long Tails of Specimen Data","authors":"Arturo H. Ariño","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112151","url":null,"abstract":"A recent article by K.R. Johnson and I.F.P. Owens in Science (Johnson and Owens 2023) suggested that the 73 main natural history museums around the world collectively hold over 1 billion records of accessioned \"specimens\" (taken as collection units), a result remarkably close to, but obtained through a completely different method from, research published a decade earlier by A.H. Ariño in Biodiversity Informatics (Ariño 2010). Both sets of approaches have benefitted from information available at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), which in the intervening years has grown by an order of magnitude, although mostly through observation-based occurrences rather than through accretion of specimen records in collections. When comparing the estimated size of collections and the amount of digital data from those collections, there is still a huge gap, as there was then. Digitization efforts have been progressing, but they are still far from reaching the goal of bringing information about all specimens into the digital domain.\u0000 While the larger institutions may doubtlessly have greater overall resources to try and make their data available than smaller institutions, how do they compare in terms of data mobilization and sharing? Not surprisingly, the distribution of the collection sizes shows a long tail of small institutions that, nonetheless, are also embarking on digitization efforts. Will this long tail of science actually manage to have all their biodiversity data available sooner than the larger institutions? It is becoming more widely recognized that data usability is predicated on data becoming findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR, Wilkinson et al. 2016). What could be the consequences of having a data availability bias towards having many tiny collections available for ready use, rather than a much smaller (although surely very significant) fraction of larger collections of a comparable type?\u0000 This presentation explores and compares the distribution of potential versus readily available data in 2010 and in 2023, examines what trends might exist in the race to universal specimen data availability, and whether the digitization efforts might be better targeted to achieve greater overall scientific benefit.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78356990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OpenObs: Living Atlases platform for French biodiversity data","authors":"Alice Ainsa, Sophie Pamerlon, Anne-Sophie Archambeau, Solène Robert, Rémi Beauvieux","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112179","url":null,"abstract":"The OpenObs project, led by Patrinat, was launched in September 2017, and the first version of this tool was released in October 2020. OpenObs is based on the Atlas of Living Australia platform, supported by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) community, particularly the Living Atlases (LA) collective.\u0000 OpenObs enables the visualization and downloading of observation data on species available in the National Inventory of Natural Heritage (INPN), the national platform of SINP (Information System for the Inventory of Natural Heritage). It provides open access to non-sensitive public data and includes all available observations, whether they are occurrence or synthesis data.\u0000 As of July 2023, OpenObs has 134,922,015 observation records, and new data is reguarly added (at least twice a year). Furthermore, the project is constantly evolving with new developments planned, such as a user validation interface and new cartographic tools.\u0000 We will present the architecture of this LA-based national biodiversity portal (Fig. 1), as well as its planned new functionality and development roadmap.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"16 15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87077943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Australian Model of Cooperative Data Publishing to OBIS and GBIF","authors":"Katherine Tattersall, P. Newman, Sachit Rajbhandari, Dave Watts, Mahmoud Sadeghi","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112228","url":null,"abstract":"The Australian Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) hosts both the Australian Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) nodes within the National Collections and Marine Infrastructure (NCMI) business unit. OBIS-AU is led by the NCMI Information and Data Centre and publishes marine biodiversity data in the Darwin Core (DwC) standard via an Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT), with over 450 marine datasets at present. The Australian GBIF node is hosted by a separate team at the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), a national-scale biodiversity analytical and knowledge delivery portal. The ALA aggregates and publishes over 800 terrestrial and marine datasets from a wide variety of research institutes, museums and collections, governments and citizen science agencies, including OBIS-AU. Many OBIS-AU published datasets are harvested and republished by ALA and vice-versa.\u0000 OBIS-AU identifies, performs Quality Control and formats marine biodiversity and observation data, then publishes directly to the OBIS international data repository and portal, using GBIF IPT technology. The ALA data processing pipeline harvests, aggregates and enhances datasets from many sources with authoritative taxonomic and spatial reference data before passing the data on to GBIF. OBIS-AU and ALA are working together to ensure that the publication pathways for any datasets managed by both (with potential for duplication of records and incomplete metadata harvests) are rationalised and that a single collaborative workflow across both units is followed for publication to GBIF. Recently, the data management groups have established an agreement to cooperatively publish marine data and eDNA data. OBIS-AU have commenced publishing datasets directly to GBIF with ALA endorsement.\u0000 We present the convergent evolution of OBIS and GBIF data publishing in Australia, adaptive data workflows to maintain data and metadata integrity, challenges encountered, how domain expertise ensures data quality and the benefits of sharing data skills and code, especially in publishing eDNA data types in DwC (using the DNA-derived data extension) and exploring the new CamTrap Data Package using Frictionless data. We also present the work that both data groups are doing toward adopting the GBIF new Unified Data model for publishing data. This Australian case study demonstrates the strengths of collaborative data publishing and offers a model that minimises replication of data in global aggregators through the development of regional integrated data publishing pipelines.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79790555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making Schemas and Mappings Available and FAIR: A metadata and schema crosswalk registry from the FAIRCORE4EOSC project","authors":"T. Suominen, Joonas Kesäniemi, Hanna Koivula","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112223","url":null,"abstract":"Community standards like the Darwin Core (Darwin Core Task Group 2009) together with semantic artefacts (controlled vocabularies, ontologies, thesauri, and other knowledge organisation systems) are key building blocks for the implementation of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles (Wilkinson et al. 2016), specifically as emphasized in the Interoperability principle I2 “(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles”. However, most of these artefacts are actually not FAIR themselves (Le Franc et al. 2020). \u0000 To address this, the FAIRCORE4EOSC project (2022-25) is developing a Metadata Schema and Crosswalk Registry (MSCR) that will allow registered users and communities to create, register and version schemas and crosswalks that all have persistent identifiers (PIDs). The published content can then be searched, browsed and downloaded without restrictions. The MSCR will also provide an API to facilitate the transformation of data from one schema to another via registered crosswalks. It will provide projects and individual researchers with the possibility to manage their metadata schemas and/or relevant metadata schema crosswalks. The schema and crosswalks will be shared with the community for reuse and extension supported by a proper versioning mechanism.\u0000 The registry tool will facilitate better interoperability between resource catalogues and information systems using different (metadata) schemas and encourage organisations and especially researchers to share their metadata interoperability by publishing the metadata crosswalks used in their workflows, which are currently not visible (FAIRification). By providing an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) for creating crosswalks, the GUI will attract users currently relying on project-specific solutions.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83798084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impossible Museum: A national infrastructure to digitise the UK’s natural science collections","authors":"Vincent Smith, Helen Hardy, Laurence Livermore, Lisa French, Tara Wainwright, Josh Humphries","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112294","url":null,"abstract":"The Distributed System of Scientific Collections UK (DiSSCo United Kingdom, Smith et al. 2022) is a proposal to the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Infrastructure Programme to revolutionise how we manage, share and use the UK’s natural science collections, creating a distributed network that provides a step change in research infrastructure for the UK. While the physical integration of such a collection would be almost inconceivable, its digital integration is within reach. Building on the UK Natural History Museum’s (NHM) digitisation programme and in partnership with more than 90 collection-holding institutions across the length and breadth of the UK, DiSSCo UK seeks to unlock the full scientific, economic and social benefits of the UK’s natural science collections, which are presently constrained by the limits of physical access. With just 8% of the UK’s 137 million specimens currently available digitally, their role in the emerging biodiversity data revolution is diminished. Through nationally coordinated action, DiSSCo UK seeks to massively accelerate the digitisation of these collections and the impact of these data. \u0000 Five options to digitise UK collections are presently under consideration. These options iterate across the collection groups, number and type of institution, technical infrastructure level and \"catalysis\" to capitalise on the benefits of unlocking data and accelerating data production. Subject to UKRI approval, the full business cases for a preferred option will go through an 18–24 month approval process starting November 2023, unlocking tens to hundreds of millions of pounds of investment in UK collections. We will outline the strategic case, options and operational model for DISSCo UK, updating on our coordination, digitisation and catalysis activities.","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"129 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78158316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobilising Long-Term Natural Environment and Biodiversity Data and Exposing it for Federated, Semantic Queries","authors":"Hanna Koivula, Christoph Wohner, Barbara Magagna, Paolo Tagliolato Acquaviva d’Aragona, A. Oggioni","doi":"10.3897/biss.7.112221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112221","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Biodiversity and ecosystems cannot be studied without assessing the impacts of changing environmental conditions. Since the 1980s, the U.S. National Science Foundation's Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network has been a major force in the field of ecology to better understand ecosystems. In Europe, the LTER developments are led by the the Integrated European Long-Term Ecosystem, critical zone and socio-ecological system Research Infrastructure (eLTER RI), a currently project-based infrastructure initiative with the aim to facilitate high impact research and catalyse new insights about the compounded impacts of climate change, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, pollution, and unsustainable resource use on a range of European ecosystems and socio-ecological systems. The European LTER network, which forms the basis for the up-coming eLTER RI, is active in 26 countries and has 500 registered sites that provide legacy data e.g., historical time-series data about the environment (not only biodiversity). Its site information and dataset metadata with the measured variables are available to be searched at the Dynamic Ecological Information Management System - Site and dataset registry (DEIMS-SDR, \u0000 Wohner et al. 2019). While DEIMS-SDR data models utilize parts of the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) schema 2.0.0, location information follows the European INSPIRE specification.\u0000 \u0000 The future eLTER data is planned to consist of site-based, long-term time-series of ecological data. The eLTER projects have defined eLTER Standard Observations (SO), which will include the minimum set of variables as well as the associated method protocols that can characterise adequately the state and future trends of the Earth's systems. (Masó et al. 2020, Reyers et al. 2017).\u0000 The current eLTER network consists of sites that differ in terms of infrastructure maturity or environment type and may focus on one or several of the future SOs or they are not yet executing any holistic monitoring scheme. The main objective is to convert the eLTER site network into a distributed research infrastructure that incorporates a clearly outlined mandatory monitoring program. Essential to this effort are the suggested variables for eLTER SOs and the corresponding methods and protocols for relevant habitat types according to the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) in each domain. eLTER variables are described by using the eLTER thesaurus \"EnvThes\". These descriptions are currently enhanced by the use of the InteroperAble Descriptions of Observable Property Terminology (I-ADOPT, Magagna et al. 2022) framework to provide the necessary level of detail required for seamless data discovery and integration. Variables and their associated methods and protocols will be formalised to enable automatic site classifications, by building on existing observation representations such as the Extensible Observation Ontology (OBOE), Open Geospatial Consortium's Observation and Measurement, a","PeriodicalId":9011,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity Information Science and Standards","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72934532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}