{"title":"Ultrasound elasticity imaging","authors":"W. Svensson, D. Amiras","doi":"10.1017/S1470903106002835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903106002835","url":null,"abstract":"Before the advent of diagnostic imaging, palpation was one of the main methods of clinical investigation for the evaluation of tumours. Malignant tumours feel harder that benign ones and this physical property is related to their coefficient of elasticity. Direct comparison of tissue images before and after application of a force is too crude a measure of elasticity except at extremes of differences in elasticity. Analysis of the raw imaging data, which contains very much more information than can be displayed for visual perception, can detect very much smaller differences in elasticity. The radio frequency data of returning ultrasound echoes contain much more data than appears in an ultrasound image. Comparison, of the datasets of uncompressed tissue with compressed tissue, of a region of interest allows production of a strain (elasticity) image of that same region of interest. Change in tissue which is not visible on B-mode (greyscale) imaging can now be detected with real time strain imaging which is beginning to be developed on commercial ultrasound equipment. The information obtained with strain/elasticity imaging is now showing potential in influencing management of patients with breast problems.","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903106002835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of: c-Myc suppresses p21 WAF1/CIP1 expression during oestrogen signalling and antioestrogen resistance in human breast cancer cells","authors":"C. McNeil, E. Musgrove","doi":"10.1017/S1470903106004925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903106004925","url":null,"abstract":"Citation of original article: S. Mukherjee, S. E. Conrad. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005; 280 : 17616–17625. Abstract of the original article: Oestrogen rapidly induces expression of the proto-oncogene c-Myc. c-Myc is required for oestrogen-stimulated proliferation of breast cancer cells, and deregulated c-Myc expression has been implicated in antioestrogen resistance. In this report, we investigate the mechanism(s) by which c-Myc mediates oestrogen-stimulated proliferation and contributes to cell cycle progression in the presence of antioestrogen. The MCF-7 cell line is a model of oestrogen-dependent, antioestrogen-sensitive human breast cancer. Using stable MCF-7 derivatives with inducible c-Myc expression, we demonstrated that in antioestrogen-treated cells, the elevated mRNA and protein levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 , a cell cycle inhibitor, decreased upon either c-Myc induction or oestrogen treatment. Expression of p21 blocked c-Myc-mediated cell cycle progression in the presence of antioestrogen, suggesting that the decrease in p21 WAF1/CIP1 is necessary for this process. Using RNA interference to suppress c-Myc expression, we further established that c-Myc is required for oestrogen-mediated decreases in p21 WAF1/CIP1 . Finally, we observed that neither c-Myc nor p21 WAF1/CIP1 is regulated by oestrogen or antioestrogen in an antioestrogen-resistant MCF-7 derivative. The p21 levels in the antioestrogen-resistant cells increased when c-Myc expression was suppressed, suggesting that loss of p21 regulation was a consequence of constitutive c-Myc expression. Together, these studies implicate p21 WAF1/CIP1 as an important target of c-Myc in breast cancer cells and provide a link between oestrogen, c-Myc, and the cell cycle machinery. They further suggest that aberrant c-Myc expression, which is frequently observed in human breast cancers, can contribute to antioestrogen resistance by altering p21 WAF1/CIP1 regulation.","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903106004925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic science (January 2006)","authors":"R. Sutherland, J. Scorer","doi":"10.1017/S1470903106005621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903106005621","url":null,"abstract":"1. Arnould L, Gelly M, Penault-Llorca F, Benoit L, Bonnetain F, Migeon C, Cabaret V, Fermeaux V, Bertheau P, Garnier J, Jeannin JF, Coudert B. Trastuzumab-based treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer: an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mechanism? Brit J Cancer 2006; 94: 259–267. 2. Barnes N, Haywood P, Flint P, Knox WF, Bundred NJ. Survivin expression in in situ and invasive breast cancer relates to COX-2 expression and DCIS recurrence. Brit J Cancer 2006; 94: 253–258. 3. Beattie MS, Costantino JP, Cummings SR, Wickerham DL, Vogel VG, Dowsett M, Folkerd EJ, Willett WC, Wolmark N, Hankinson SE. Endogenous sex hormones, breast cancer risk, and tamoxifen response: an ancillary study in the NSABP Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (P-1). J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 110–115. 4. Bentires-Alj M, Gil SG, Chan R, Wang ZGC, Wang YP, Imanaka N, Harris LN, Richardson A, Neel BG, Gu HH. A role for the scaffolding adapter GAB2 in breast cancer. Nat Med 2006; 12: 114–121. 5. Bidwell GL, Raucher D. Enhancing the antiproliferative effect of topoisomerase II inhibitors using a polypeptide inhibitor of c-Myc. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71: 248–256. 6. Breuleux M, Schoumacher F, Rehn D, Kung W, Mueller H, Eppenberger U. Heregulins implicated in cellular functions other than receptor activation. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4: 27–37. 7. Brummer T, Schramek D, Hayes VM, Bennett HL, Caldon CE, Musgrove EA, Daly RJ. Increased proliferation and altered growth factor dependence of human mammary epithelial cells overexpressing the Gab2 docking protein. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 626–637. 8. Canzian F, McKay JD, Cleveland RJ, Dossus L, Biessy C, Rinaldi S, Landi S, Boillot C, Monnier S, Chajes V, Clavel-Chapelon F, Tehard B, ChangClaude J, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Pischon T, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Zilis D, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Berrino F, Bueno-deMesquita HB, van Gils CH, Peeters PHM, Pera G, Ardanaz E, Chirlaque MD, Quiros JR, Larranaga N, Martinez-Garcia C, Allen NE, Key TJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E, Kaaks R. Polymorphisms of genes coding for insulin-like growth factor I and its major binding proteins, circulating levels of IGFI and IGFBP-3 and breast cancer risk: results from the EPIC study. Brit J Cancer 2006; 94: 299–307. 9. Cebrian A, Pharoah PD, Ahmed S, Smith PL, Luccarini C, Luben R, Redman K, Munday H, Easton DF, Dunning AM, Ponder BAJ. Tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in antioxidant defense enzymes and susceptibility to breast cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 1225–1233. 10. Chen TP, Jackson CR, Link A, Markey MP, Colligan BM, Douglass LW, Pemberton JO, Deddens JA, Graff JR, Carter JH. Int7G24A variant of transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I is associated with invasive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 392–397. 11. Desruisseau S, Palmari J, Giusti C, Romain S, Martin PM, Berthois Y. Determination of TGF beta 1 protein level in human primary breast cancers and its relationship with survival. Brit J Cancer 2006;","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903106005621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Micrometastasis in lymph node","authors":"S. Masood","doi":"10.1017/S1470903105003342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903105003342","url":null,"abstract":"Determining whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes is important in predicting survival from breast cancer and determining what treatment a patient requires. The traditional method of detecting such metastases, complete axillary node dissection, can result in lymphedema and other quality-of-life damaging side effects. The new technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) offers a way to test for lymph node metastases without causing the side effects of traditional axillary node dissection. Intraoperative analysis of SLNB is becoming an effective tool in assessment of the presence or absence of metastatic tumor, and therefore influences the treatment offered to the patient. Because of this central diagnostic use, as it is a new procedure, further studies need to be conducted to fully assess its role in breast cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903105003342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56919134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic science: (December 2005)","authors":"R. Sutherland, J. Scorer","doi":"10.1017/S147090310600558X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S147090310600558X","url":null,"abstract":"1. Akekawatchai C, Holland JD, Kochetkova M, Wallace JC, McColl SR. Transactivation of CXCR4 by the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 39701–39708. 2. Andarawewa KL, Motrescu ER, Chenard MP, Gansmuller A, Stoll I, Tomasetto C, Rio MC. Stromelysin-3 is a potent negative regulator of adipogenesis participating to cancer celladipocyte interaction/crosstalk at the tumor invasive front. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 10862–10871. 3. Annicotte JS, Chavey C, Servant N, Teyssier J, Bardin A, Licznar A, Badia E, Pujol P, Vignon F, Maudelonde T, Lazennec G, Cavailles V, Fajas L. The nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 is an estrogen receptor target gene. Oncogene 2005; 24: 8167–8175. 4. Asanuma H, Torigoe T, Kamiguchi K, Hirohashi Y, Ohmura T, Hirata K, Sato M, Sato N. Survivin expression is regulated by coexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 11018–11025. 5. Azuma H, Ehata S, Miyazaki H, Watabe T, Maruyama O, Imamura T, Sakamoto T, Kiyama S, Kiyama Y, Ubai T, Inamoto T, Takahara S, Itoh Y, Otsuki Y, Katsuoka Y, Miyazono K, Horie S. Effect of Smad7 expression on metastasis of mouse mammary carcinoma JygMC(A) cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1734–1746. 6. Bharadwaj S, Thanawala R, Bon G, Falcioni R, Prasad GL. Resensitization of breast cancer cells to anoikis by Tropomyosin-1: role of Rho kinase-dependent cytoskeleton and adhesion. Oncogene 2005; 24: 8291–8303. 7. Blask DE, Brainard GC, Dauchy RT, Hanifin JP, Davidson LK, Krause JA, Sauer LA, RiveraBermudez MA, Dubocovich ML, Jasser SA, Lynch DT, Rollag MD, Zalatan F. Melatonindepleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 11174–11184. 8. Buchholz TA, Garg AK, Chakravarti N, Aggarwal BB, Esteva FJ, Kuerer HM, Singletary SE, Hortobagyi GN, Pusztai L, Cristofanilli M, Sahin AA. The nuclear transcription factor kappa B/bcl-2 pathway correlates with pathologic complete response to doxorubicin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 8398–8402. 9. Cullinane CA, Lubinski J, Neuhausen SL, Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Isaacs C, Weber B, Moller P, Offit K, Kim-Sing C, Friedman E, Randall S, Pasini B, Ainsworth P, GershoniBaruch R, Foulkes WD, Klijn J, Tung N, Rennert G, Olopade O, Couch F, Wagner T, Olsson H, Sun P, Weitzel JN, Narod SA. Effect of pregnancy as a risk factor for breast cancer in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers. Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 988–991. 10. Eddy SF, Guo SQ, Demicco EG, RomieuMourez R, Landesman-Borag E, Seldin DC, Sonenshein GE. Inducible I kappa B kinase/I kappa B kinase epsilon expression is induced by CK2 and promotes aberrant nuclear factorkappa B activation in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 11375–11383. 11","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S147090310600558X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of platinum-based therapy for HER-2-positive breast cancer","authors":"A. A. Joy, J. Mackey","doi":"10.1017/S1470903105004712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903105004712","url":null,"abstract":"Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) protein, the mediator of an aggressive breast cancer phenotype. Trastuzumab has an important role in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) where it improves multiple endpoints, including overall survival. More recently, striking activity is also seen in non-MBC, with substantial benefits seen in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. Experimental data has identified synergistic therapeutic effects of platinum containing chemotherapeutic regimens when combined with trastuzumab. We review the pre-clinical and rapidly evolving clinical evidence supporting platinum and trastuzumab combinations for HER-2-positive breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903105004712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alcohol drinking and breast cancer","authors":"D. Tan, J. Barber, P. Shields","doi":"10.1017/S1470903106003105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903106003105","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease that is triggered by gene-environment interactions. Epidemiological research has identified alcohol consumption as a significant non-hormonal-related and consistent risk factor, and is thus a preventable cause of breast cancer. The reasons why alcohol drinking increase breast cancer risk are unclear, and several hypotheses exist. The perturbation of estrogen metabolism and response appears to one mechanism underlying the association. Alcohol consumption also increases breast density in postmenopausal women and affects sex steroid levels. Other plausible mechanisms include: (1) mutagenesis by acetaldehyde, which is a metabolite of ethanol; (2) by enhancing the susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis by affecting DNA repair, stimulating cell proliferation or altering mammary gland structural development; (3) influencing the disposition and function of essential nutrients or dietary factors considered cancer protective (e.g. affecting folate and one-carbon metabolism pathways); (4) inducing genome instability and DNA damage; and (5) inducing oxidative damage via ethanol or estrogen metabolism. To better under- stand the etiological nature of the effect of alcohol on breast carcinogenesis, further studies at the cellular and molecular levels on the interaction between ethanol and other risk factors, estrogen, carcinogens are needed.","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903106003105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Griekspoor, T. C. Margarido, W. Zwart, R. Michalides
{"title":"Review of: BRCA1 and cyclin D1: gate keepers in hormone responsive tissues?","authors":"A. Griekspoor, T. C. Margarido, W. Zwart, R. Michalides","doi":"10.1017/S1470903106005098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903106005098","url":null,"abstract":"The cyclin D1 gene is frequently overexpressed in human breast cancer and is capable of inducing mammary tumorigenesis when overexpressed in transgenic mice. The BRCA1 breast tumor susceptibility gene product inhibits breast cancer cellular growth and the activity of several transcription factors. Herein, cyclin D1 antagonized BRCA1-mediated repression of estrogen receptor (cid:1) (ER (cid:1) )-dependent gene expression. Cyclin D1 repression of BRCA1 function was mediated independently of its cyclin-dependent kinase, retinoblastoma protein, or p160 (SRC-1) functions in human breast and prostate cancer cells. In vitro , cyclin D1 competed with BRCA1 for ER (cid:1) binding. Cyclin D1 and BRCA1 were both capable of binding ER (cid:1) in a common region of the ER (cid:1) hinge domain. A novel domain of cyclin D1, predicted to form a helix-loop-helix structure, was required for binding to ER (cid:1) and for rescue of BRCA1-mediated ER (cid:1) transcriptional repression. In chromatin immunopre-cipitation assays, 17 (cid:2) -estradiol (E 2 ) enhanced ER (cid:1) and cyclin D1 recruitment to an estrogen response ele-ment (ERE). Cyclin D1 expression enhanced ER (cid:1) recruitment to an ERE. E 2 reduced BRCA1 recruitment and BRCA1 expression inhibited E 2 -induced ER (cid:1) recruitment at 12 h. Cyclin D1 expression antagonized BRCA1 inhibition of ER (cid:1) recruitment to an ERE, providing a mechanism by which cyclin D1 antagonizes BRCA1 function at an ERE. As cyclin D1 abundance is regulated by oncogenic and mitogenic signals, the antagonism of the BRCA1-mediated ER (cid:1) repression by cyclin D1 may contribute to the selective induction of BRCA1-regulated target genes.","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903106005098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic science (October 2005)","authors":"R. Sutherland, J. Scorer","doi":"10.1017/S1470903106005505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470903106005505","url":null,"abstract":"1. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Takada Y, Banerjee S, Newman RA, Bueso-Ramos CE, Price JE. Curcumin suppresses the paclitaxelinduced nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in breast cancer cells and inhibits lung metastasis of human breast cancer in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 7490–7498. 2. Bowen TJ, Yakushiji H, Montagna C, Jain S, Ried T, Wynshaw-Boris A. Atm heterozygosity cooperates with loss of Brca1 to increase the severity of mammary gland cancer and reduce ductal branching. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 8736–8746. 3. Boyd NF, Rommens JM, Vogt K, Lee V, Hopper JL, Yaffe MJ, Paterson AD. Mammographic breast density as an intermediate phenotype for breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 798–808. 4. Brenton JD, Carey LA, Ahmed AA, Caldas C. Molecular classification and molecular forecasting of breast cancer: Ready for clinical application? J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7350–7360. 5. Canzian F, McKay JD, Cleveland RJ, Dossus L, Biessy C, Boillot C, Rinaldi S, Llewellyn M, Chajes V, Clavel-Chapelon F, Tehard B, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Pischon T, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Zilis D, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Berrino F, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Gils CH, Peeters PHM, Pera G, Barricarte A, Chirlaque MD, Quiros JR, Larranaga N, Martinez-Garcia C, Allen NE, Key TJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E, Kaaks R. Genetic variation in the growth hormone synthesis pathway in relation to circulating insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and breast cancer risk: Results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prevent 2005; 14: 2316–2325. 6. Chen JQ, Yager JD, Russo J. Regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain structure and function by estrogens/estrogen receptors and potential physiological/pathophysiological implications. BiochimEt Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2005; 1746: 1–17. 7. Chen WY, Bertone-Johnson ER, Hunter DJ, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Associations between Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prevent 2005; 14: 2335–2339. 8. Chen ZT, Varney ML, Backora MW, Cowan K, Solheim JC, Talmadge JE, Singh RK. Downregulation of vascular endothelial cell growth factor-C expression using small interfering RNA vectors in mammary tumors inhibits tumor lymphangiogenesis and spontaneous metastasis and enhances survival. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9004–9011. 9. Cheng CK, Chow LWC, Loo WTY, Chan TK, Chan V. The cell cycle checkpoint gene Rad9 is a novel oncogene activated by 11q13 amplification and DNA methylation in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 8646–8654. 10. Cui XJ, Schiff R, Arpino G, Osborne CK, Lee AV. Biology of progesterone receptor loss in breast cancer and its implications for endocrine therapy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7721–7735. 11. Debniak T, Gorski B, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Cybulski C, Mackiewicz A, GozdeckaGrodecka S, Gronwald J, Kowalska E, Haus O, Grzybowska E, Stawicka M, Swiec M, Urba","PeriodicalId":89901,"journal":{"name":"Breast cancer online : BCO","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S1470903106005505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56920938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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