Transplantation research最新文献

{"title":"A randomized controlled trial of daclizumab versus anti-thymocyte globulin induction for heart transplantation.","authors":"John C Mullen,&nbsp;Emily J Kuurstra,&nbsp;Antigone Oreopoulos,&nbsp;Michael J Bentley,&nbsp;Shaohua Wang","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy and safety of daclizumab (DZM) versus anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) as a component of induction therapy in heart transplant recipients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty heart transplant patients were randomized to receive either ATG or DZM during induction therapy. Patients in the DZM group received an initial dose of 2 mg/kg intravenous (IV) at the time of transplant and 1 mg/kg IV on postoperative day 4.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Recipient, donor, and intraoperative variables did not differ significantly between groups. The cost of induction therapy, total drug cost, and hospital ward costs were significantly less for the DZM group. Average absolute lymphocyte and platelet counts were significantly higher in the DZM group. There were no significant differences in the incidence of rejection, infection, malignancy, or steroid-induced diabetes. One year survival was excellent in both groups (87%, P = 0.1). Daclizumab is a safe component of induction therapy in heart transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32560698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a preclinical model of donation after circulatory determination of death for translational application.","authors":"Géraldine Allain,&nbsp;Thomas Kerforne,&nbsp;Rodolphe Thuret,&nbsp;Pierre-Olivier Delpech,&nbsp;Thibaut Saint-Yves,&nbsp;Michel Pinsard,&nbsp;Thierry Hauet,&nbsp;Sébastien Giraud,&nbsp;Christophe Jayle,&nbsp;Benoît Barrou","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extracorporeal membranous oxygenation is proposed for abdominal organ procurement from donation after circulatory determination of death (DCD). In France, the national Agency of Biomedicine supervises the procurement of kidneys from DCD, specifying the durations of tolerated warm and cold ischemia. However, no study has determined the optimal conditions of this technique. The aim of this work was to develop a preclinical model of DCD using abdominal normothermic oxygenated recirculation (ANOR). In short, our objectives are to characterize the mechanisms involved during ANOR and its impact on abdominal organs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used Large White pigs weighing between 45 and 55 kg. After 30 minutes of potassium-induced cardiac arrest, the descending thoracic aorta was clamped and ANOR set up between the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta for 4 hours. Hemodynamic, respiratory and biochemical parameters were collected. Blood gasometry and biochemistry analysis were performed during the ANOR procedure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six ANOR procedures were performed. The surgical procedure is described and intraoperative parameters and biological data are presented. Pump flow rates were between 2.5 and 3 l/min. Hemodynamic, respiratory, and biochemical objectives were achieved under reproducible conditions. Interestingly, animals remained hemodynamically stable following the targeted protocol. Arterial pH was controlled, and natremia and renal function remained stable 4 hours after the procedure was started. Decreased hemoglobin and serum proteins levels, concomitant with increased lactate dehydrogenase activity, were observed as a consequence of the surgery. The serum potassium level was increased, owing to the extracorporeal circulation circuit.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our ANOR model is the closest to clinical conditions reported in the literature and will allow the study of the systemic and abdominal organ impact of this technique. The translational relevance of the pig will permit the determination of new biomarkers and protocols to improve DCD donor management.</p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32484035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in-progress, open-label, multi-centre study (SAILOR) evaluating whether a steroid-free immunosuppressive protocol, based on ATG induction and a low tacrolimus dose, reduces the incidence of new onset diabetes after transplantation.","authors":"Jana Ekberg,&nbsp;Henrik Ekberg,&nbsp;Bente Jespersen,&nbsp;Ragnar Källen,&nbsp;Karin Skov,&nbsp;Michael Olausson,&nbsp;Lars Mjörnstedt,&nbsp;Per Lindnér","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are included in renal transplantation immunosuppressive protocols around the world. Well-known side effects are associated with the use of these drugs, including new onset of diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). Long-term patient survival rates are lower among patients with NODAT. The optimal immunosuppressive protocol would therefore include not using corticosteroids and minimization of CNI use.</p><p><strong>Methods/design: </strong>This is a prospective, multi-centre, controlled, randomized, parallel group, open-label study involving kidney transplant patients. The study compares a steroid-free immunosuppressive protocol (study arm A), which is based on low-dose tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) maintenance therapy together with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction, with the conventional immunosuppressive protocol (study arm B), being based on low-dose tacrolimus, MMF and steroids together with interleukin-2 receptor (IL2-R) induction. The study is designed to include most normal-risk patients. It will exclude patients seen as at a high risk of rejection. The primary objective of the study is to assess the cumulative incidence of NODAT in the two study arms 12 months after transplantation using the American Diabetes Association type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria. The composite measure of freedom from acute rejection, graft survival and patient survival will be evaluated. Renal function and chronic changes in the transplanted kidney will be assessed.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>If this study confirms conceptual expectations, namely decreased incidence of NODAT, the steroid-free study protocol could be used with all patients. The regimen could be especially beneficial for patients at a high risk of diabetes mellitus.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong></p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>EudraCT 2012-000451-13.</p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32451153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and efficacy of outpatient bronchoscopy in lung transplant recipients - a single centre analysis of 3,197 procedures.","authors":"Jessica Rademacher,&nbsp;Hendrik Suhling,&nbsp;Mark Greer,&nbsp;Axel Haverich,&nbsp;Tobias Welte,&nbsp;Gregor Warnecke,&nbsp;Jens Gottlieb","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bronchoscopy represents an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the management of lung transplant (LTx) recipients. Outpatient bronchoscopy reduces health costs and may improve quality of life amongst these patients. This retrospective study assessed the safety and efficacy of outpatient bronchoscopy including trans-bronchial biopsy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All outpatient bronchoscopies performed on lung transplant recipients between 1 August 2008 and 31 January 2011 were reviewed. Sample quality, duration and complications were recorded. Cost analysis was performed from local trust financial data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 3,197 bronchoscopies were performed on 571 LTx recipients under topical anaesthesia. Fourteen percent of examinations required intravenous sedation. In 79.8% of examinations no complications were observed. Most complications were minor (17.9%) including cough (5.3%) and minimal bleeding after trans-bronchial biopsy (7.8%). Major complications (2.3%) were pneumothorax, severe bleeding and severe desaturation. No attributable deaths were recorded during the observation period. Quality of examination based on bronchoalveolar lavage recovery median (>50%) and biopsy results was adequate at 75% and 77.4%, respectively. Independent risk factors associated with complication were long-term oxygen therapy, sedation before examination, balloon dilatation and transbronchial biopsy. After excluding high-risk procedures annual savings per patient (2.2 bronchoscopies per year) were 2140€.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Outpatient bronchoscopy after LTx is safe. The low complication rate could be attributed to withholding of intravenous sedation. Furthermore, it reduces health community costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32415787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review of melanoma incidence and prognosis in solid organ transplant recipients.","authors":"Erin Dahlke,&nbsp;Christian Alexander Murray,&nbsp;Jessica Kitchen,&nbsp;An-Wen Chan","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cutaneous melanoma carries the potential for substantial morbidity and mortality in the solid organ transplant population. We systematically reviewed the literature published from January 1995 to January 2012 to determine the overall relative risk and prognosis of melanoma in transplant recipients. Our search identified 7,512 citations. Twelve unique non-overlapping studies reported the population-based incidence of melanoma in an inception cohort of solid organ transplant recipients. Compared to the general population, there is a 2.4-fold (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 2.9) increased incidence of melanoma after transplantation. No population-based outcome data were identified for melanoma arising post-transplant. Data from non-population based cohort studies suggest a worse prognosis for late-stage melanoma developing after transplantation compared with the general population. For patients with a history of pre-transplant melanoma, one population-based study reported a local recurrence rate of 11% (2/19) after transplantation, although staging and survival information was lacking. There is a need for population-based data on the prognosis of melanoma arising pre- and post-transplantation. Increased incidence and potentially worse melanoma outcomes in this high-risk population have implications for clinical care in terms of prevention, screening and reduction of immunosuppression after melanoma development post-transplant, as well as transplantation decisions in patients with a history of pre-transplant melanoma. </p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 ","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32348113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence on ICU course, outcome and costs for lung transplantation after implementation of the new Swiss transplantation law.","authors":"Stephanie Klinzing,&nbsp;Giovanna Brandi,&nbsp;Dimitri A Raptis,&nbsp;Urs Wenger,&nbsp;Denise Weber,&nbsp;Paul A Stehberger,&nbsp;Ilhan Inci,&nbsp;Markus Béchir","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Swiss organ allocation system for donor lungs was implemented on 1 July 2007. The effects of this implementation on patient selection, intensive care unit course, outcomes and intensive care costs are unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The first 37 consecutive lung transplant recipients following the implementation of the new act were compared with the previous 42 lung transplant recipients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following implementation of the new law, baseline characteristics and cumulative one-year patient survival were comparable in both groups (88.1% vs 83.8%, P = 0.58). The costs for each case increased by 35,000 euros after adoption of the new law. Stratifying patients after implementation of the law according to urgency status shows that urgent patients required longer mechanical ventilation (P = 0.04), a longer ICU stay (P = 0.045) and a longer hospital stay (P = 0.04) and ICU costs (median 64,050 euros) were higher compared to regular patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The new transplantation law has increased ICU costs with the implementation of the Swiss organ allocation system. Patients listed as 'urgent' contribute significantly to the increase in ICU costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32227798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organ and tissue donation in clinical settings: a systematic review of the impact of interventions aimed at health professionals.","authors":"Frédéric Douville,&nbsp;Gaston Godin,&nbsp;Lydi-Anne Vézina-Im","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In countries where presumed consent for organ donation does not apply, health professionals (HP) are key players for identifying donors and obtaining their consent. This systematic review was designed to verify the efficacy of interventions aimed at HPs to promote organ and tissue donation in clinical settings. CINAHL (1982 to 2012), COCHRANE LIBRARY, EMBASE (1974 to 2012), MEDLINE (1966 to 2012), PsycINFO (1960 to 2012), and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses were searched for papers published in French or English until September 2012. Studies were considered if they met the following criteria: aimed at improving HPs' practices regarding the donation process or at increasing donation rates; HPs working in clinical settings; and interventions with a control group or pre-post assessments. Intervention behavioral change techniques were analyzed using a validated taxonomy. A risk ratio was computed for each study having a control group. A total of 15 studies were identified, of which only 5 had a control group. Interventions were either educational, organizational or a combination of both, and had a weak theoretical basis. The most common behavior change technique was providing instruction. Two sets of interventions showed a significant risk ratio. However, most studies did not report the information needed to compute their efficacy. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving the donation process or at increasing donation rates should be based on sound theoretical frameworks. They would benefit from more rigorous evaluation methods to ensure good knowledge translation and appropriate organizational decisions to improve professional practices. </p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32174877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective cohort conversion study of twice-daily to once-daily extended-release tacrolimus: role of ethnicity.","authors":"Lauren Glick,&nbsp;Fernanda Shamy,&nbsp;Michelle Nash,&nbsp;Ahmed Sokwala,&nbsp;Tushar Malavade,&nbsp;Gv Ramesh Prasad,&nbsp;Jeffrey S Zaltzman","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tacrolimus is a widely used calcineurin inhibitor in kidney transplantation. It is available as twice-daily Prograf® (Tac-BID) and once-daily Advagraf® (Tac-OD). Although therapeutically equivalent, some patients require dose adjustments to achieve similar trough concentrations [C0] after conversion. Tacrolimus exposure is affected by ethnicity in the de novo setting but the role of ethnicity in determining dose requirements and adjustments after conversion is unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 496 renal transplant recipients (RTRs) were prospectively converted from Tac-BID to Tac-OD, with dose adjustments targeted to achieve similar [C0] at 12 months post-conversion. Renal function, acute rejection and Tac dose adjustments by ethnicity were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were similar numbers of recipients from living and deceased donors. The mean transplant duration was 7 years. Of the RTRs, 60% were Caucasian and 40% were identified as belonging to an ethnic minority. There was no change in estimated renal function (eGFR) post-conversion to Tac-OD. At 12 months, 35/488 (7%) RTRs were receiving a reduced dose, 101/488 (21%) required a dose increase of which 77 (16%) were receiving at least a 30% increase in dose over baseline. The percentage of those in ethnic groups requiring a dose increase of >30% varied from 8.0% for South Asians to 27.5% for East Asians (P = 0.03), despite East Asians having a similar baseline dose of Tac-BID (3.59 mg/day) compared to the entire cohort (3.53 mg/day).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ethnicity may play an important role in dosing requirements when converting from Tac-BID to Tac-OD, unrelated to baseline dose. Further investigation is required to determine the reasons for ethnic variability when patients are converted between tacrolimus preparations.</p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":" ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40292532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume and outcome relation in German liver transplant centers: what lessons can be learned?","authors":"Annemarie Nijboer,&nbsp;Frank Ulrich,&nbsp;Wolf O Bechstein,&nbsp;Andreas A Schnitzbauer","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The volume and outcome relationship for transplant procedures has become one of the major topics during discussions about consequences following the organ transplantation scandal of wait-list manipulations in Germany during the past year. Proponents of reducing the number of centers argue in favor of increasing quality at highly specialized transplant centers while disregarding the wish of patients for regionally available medical service.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The homepage of the German Organ Procurement Organization (DSO) was screened for the annual reports of transplant programs for the years 2007 to 2010. Results were extracted from these reports. Additionally, an analysis of volume per million people per number of transplant centers for each German federal state was made to give an overview of the density of transplant programs for the years 2009 to 2011.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In-house mortality (R2 = 0.005, P = 0.518), 3-year survival (R2 = 0.068, P = 0.085), and a ROC analysis for in-house mortality (AUC 0.55, CI: 0.41; 0.68, P = 0.53), did not show volume-outcome relation. Definition of a threshold for good centers was impossible. One-year survival indicated better outcome in high volume centers. R2 = 0.106, P = 0.009. Outcome data in Germany, as provided by Institute für angewandte Qualitätsförderung und Forschung im Gesundheitswesen (AQUA) or the DSO, are not risk adapted for the investigated time period. The factor of transplants per year per million people per transplant centers is 0.6 for Germany. Some Federal States (for example, Bavaria and Northrhine Westfalia) have an oversupply of transplant centers, which means that the average number transplanted per center and year is very low.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>We propose a risk-adapted prospective analysis of outcome and definition of a quality catalogue for liver transplant centers. Volume and outcome relation is not conclusive for liver transplantation in Germany. Data should be collected, for example, for a time period of 3 to 5 years, and decisions influencing the regulation of numbers of transplant centers should be based upon the findings, weighing federal state sovereignty and regional medical requirements against an optimal patient supply while respecting a plausible risk adaption for each center.</p>","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32103615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Center volume, competition, and outcome in German liver transplant centers.","authors":"Markus Guba","doi":"10.1186/2047-1440-3-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-1440-3-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89864,"journal":{"name":"Transplantation research","volume":"3 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2047-1440-3-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32103457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}