Autism-open access最新文献

{"title":"Autism–Neurodevelopment Disorder","authors":"Eleti Shivanvitha, Praneeth Kamarapu","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000196","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. ASD is associated with intellectual disability, difficulties in motor coordination and physical health problems like sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. It is a developmental condition that affects, among alternative things, the manner an individual relates to his or her environment and their interaction with other people. Autism seems to own its roots in terribly early brain development. The causes, characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of Autism are discussed.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"199 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73538959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Techniques in Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum","authors":"Christos K. Nikopoulos, Evangelos Manolitsis","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"Verbal instructions (VI) and In vivo modeling are two commonly used instructional methods in the interventions for individuals with autism. The use of visual supports (VS) and particularly the use of static pictures (SP) and video modeling (VM) have also shown very encouraging results. Yet, there has not been any study to directly assess the effectiveness of each method. Thus, the present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of these four instructional methods across a number of different tasks. Nine children diagnosed with autism participated and experimental control was accomplished using a single-group repeated measures design. The impact of each method on children’s performance was determined through comparisons of the mean percentages of the completed steps in each task. Results showed that VM was the only instructional method which was more effective than VI. Possible reasons for the superiority of VM are provided and implications for future research are identified.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83477553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding Your Parenting Path with Your Autistic Child","authors":"S. Richfield","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000E141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000E141","url":null,"abstract":"Parenting a child on the autistic spectrum can feel like walking an emotional tightrope. Parents try so hard to balance love, guidance, expectation, and consequences without falling into the darkness of their worries and fears. The burden of self-judgment can send a parent into the depths of guilt if their verdict is that they have taken the wrong step with their child. The wish to do what’s best, and confusion surrounding what’s best, makes raising an autistic child a confounding mystery. Unintended parent precipitated problems can emerge, such as overindulging out of guilt and anxiety, expecting too little to protect oneself from being disappointed, and allowing fear to undermine parental authority [1,2].","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89934328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Autoethnography of Parenting a Daughter whose Complex Disability was Diagnosed in her Adulthood","authors":"Alcock J","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"This autoethnography explores my journey as a mother of a woman with intellectual disabilities whose complex needs and behaviour has presented significant challenges to services. My biographical accounts include the experiences of receiving my daughter’s diagnoses of a rare chromosome disorder and autism in her adulthood. The former allowed a unique story which emerged from phenomena that is being swept in by the tide of the technological revolution in the detection of gene mutations and structural genomic variations causing learning disability. Within the theoretical frameworks of critical disability studies, social constructionism and family systems approaches, I weave 31 years of autobiographical accounts with cultural and structural factors that influence the experiences of parents of children with learning disabilities. Included in the investigations were the uncovering of new knowledge about the culture of intellectual disability and an examination of the events leading up to my daughter’s four-year incarceration in an institution. Evidence of oppressive, dehumanising social policies and practices intersect with new themes, including the journey from asking ‘why?’ to knowing, and chasing new ‘fixes’ to the liberating possibilities of policy changes and transformative validation.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82630442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic Influences upon Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"T. Archer","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"Epigenetic alterations underlying the neurodevelopmental aspects of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are emerging as important risk factors for disease pathogenesis. These influences present the case that gene expressions may sustain alterations at higher levels of complexity than modifications in the DNA sequence. Part-and-parcel and central to this notion, the phenomenon involves essential environmental impacting upon the gametes before conception. Genomic imprinting may be described as a process of silencing genes through DNA methylation with major effects upon placental biology, brain and functional development and the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. It offers an epigenetic phenomenon through which some genes may be expressed in a manner that presents parent-of-originspecificity and may be viewed as an essential mechanism for gene regulation based on chemical modifications of DNA and histone proteins. If the allele inherited from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele from the mother is expressed. If the allele from the mother is imprinted, then only the allele from the father is expressed. Forms of genomic imprinting have been demonstrated in fungi, plants and mammals with over 150 imprinted in laboratory rodents [1,2]. Through forces of epigenetics, environmental factors, such as endocrine-disrupting agents and mental stress in early life, can alter epigenetic status and gene expression. In this regard, the epigenome, especially in the context of DNA methylation, provides a critical gene expression regulatory mechanism through which the normal and the pathologically anomalous brain development may proceed. Genomic imprinting and other epigenetic mechanisms involving environmental pressures have been found exert consequences and impinge on offspring neurodevelopment and the aberrant development of autism spectrum disorders [3]. ASDs offer an instance of the life-long existing disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (AHDH), with a high level of heritability and complex conditions genetically, and despite several highly penetrant mutations in multiple genes being identified, these account for the etiology of less than one third of cases. The disorder is characterized by an impaired social communication profile and often repetitive, stereotyped behavior with evidence of regional brain dysconnectivity.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78228653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Evaluation of the Antidepressant Activity of a Novel Polyherbal Formulation","authors":"R. Kumari, A. Agrawal, K. Ilango, Singh Gpi, G. Dubey","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-depressive activity of a polyherbal formulation (PF) after 28 days administration by using a rat forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). \u0000 \u0000Methods: Animals were divided into six groups (n=6/group): Group 1: The control rats received injections of 0.5% CMC solution only; Group 2: FST+vehicle; Groups 3: FST+SER (10 mg/kg, i.p.); Group 4: FST+200 mg/kg; Group 5: FST+400 mg/kg; Group 6: FST+800 mg/kg and drugs were administrated once daily for 28 days treatment. To assess the effect of PF on immobility activity through FST and TST were used to take as a measure of antidepressant activity. The probable mechanism of action of the anti-depressive effect of PF was also investigated by measuring the level of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, homocysteine, IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels in the blood of the stress rats. \u0000 \u0000Results: PF significantly reduced the immobility time of rat in both the FST and TST. However, might explain the results. In addition, PF decreased the homocysteine, IL-2 and IFN-gamma level while it increased the levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the blood. PF with 200 mg/kg treatment have shown the more significant improvement in stress rats. \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: After 28 days administration, PF produced antidepressant-like effects. The mechanisms of action of anti-depressive effect of PF seemed to involve an increase of the monoamines level while decreasing the inflammatory marker and homocysteine in the stress of rats.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87800117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Levels of S100b, Interleukin-6 and Anti-Transglutaminase Ii IgA as Immune Markers in a Sample of Egyptian Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders","authors":"Shaker Nm, Taha Gra, Kholeif H, Sayed Nm, El Sheikh Mm, Abulmagd Ml","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000191","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neuro-developmental disorder. Various immune components and mediators have been investigated in ASD with controversial results. The purpose of this study was to: 1) investigate the levels of S100B protein (as a marker of neuronal damage), IgA autoantibodies to transglutaminase II (TG2) (as an indicator for presence of autoimmunity) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (a pro-inflammatory cytokine), in sera of a group of autistic children, 2) explore the relation between serum levels of these parameters and severity of autism, 3) find out if there is any association between serum levels of S100B protein, IL-6 and TG2 IgA which might give clue to their pathogenic role in ASD. \u0000Methods: The levels of S100B protein, IL-6 and TG2 IgA were measured in the sera of 30 autistic children aged from 3 to 14 years. These levels were compared to those of 22 matched healthy children aged from 3 to 13 years. Assessment of clinical parameters and severity of autism was done using Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. \u0000Results: Autistic children showed higher significant serum S100B protein and IL-6 levels compared to healthy controls (P=0.003 and 0.002 respectively). No significant correlations were found between serum levels of S100B, IL-6, TG2 IgA and clinical parameters/severity of autism. Serum levels of S100B had significant negative correlation with TG2 IgA levels (P=0.037) and marginally significant positive correlation with IL-6 levels (P=0.05). \u0000Conclusion: The significant elevations of S100B and IL-6 levels in sera of autistic children possibly imply an underlying neuropathological condition in autistic patients. Anti-TG2 antibodies may not have a possible contributing role in some ASD children. More research is needed to investigate any possible link between serum S100B protein, IL-6 levels and other brain autoantibodies as potential indicators of brain autoimmunity in ASD patients.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86743852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders.","authors":"Maheen F Siddiqui, Clare Elwell, Mark H Johnson","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000190","DOIUrl":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by diminished social communication and interaction. Recently, evidence has accrued that a significant proportion of individuals with autism have concomitant diseases such as mitochondrial disease and abnormalities of energy generation. This has therefore led to the hypothesis that autism may be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. We review such studies reporting decreased activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and reduced gene expression of mitochondrial genes, in particular genes of respiratory chain complexes, in individuals with autism. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that there is an association of ASD with impaired mitochondrial function; however, many of the studies have small sample sizes and there is variability in the techniques utilised. There is therefore a vital need to utilise novel imaging techniques, such as near-infrared spectroscopy, that will allow non-invasive measurement of metabolic markers for neuronal activity such as cytochrome c oxidase, in order to better establish the link between autism and mitochondrial dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83781069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T.U.L.I.P. Protocol (TCE, UOI, Leiter-R as Indicators of Predictivity) for the Assessment of the Developmental Potential in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","authors":"M. D. Renzo, F. B. D. Castelbianco, E. Vanadia, M. Petrillo, Lidia Racinaro, M. Rea","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000188","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to highlight some predictive indicators of improvement in ADOS scores in a group of 49 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. For this purpose we created a specific protocol named T.U.L.I.P. that, using the Fluid Reasoning of the Leiter-R, the presence of Emotional Contagion (TCE) and the ability to understand the intentions of the others (UOI) as predictive indicators, can identify a category of autistic children who positively respond to treatment and improves the autistic symptomatology. The children who at the intake had predictive indicators of Emerging or Present UOI and TCE improved their autistic symptomatology with therapy and some of them (those with Present indicators) positively changed their ADOS diagnosis. In pre-school children, or in the first year of their schooling, the assessment of cognitive and social components shows that relational skills have a greater importance in predicting the decrease of the ADOS scores. The presence of predictive indicators, especially on the emotional response and the ability to understand the intentions of the others, also helps to work through a developmental- relational approach that activates in children their existing potentialities to get improvements even in the cognitive functioning. The Social Affection component of the ADOS-2 correlates with predictive indicators and accounts for an intervention targeted to the emotional dimension.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"25 1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89799224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autistic Children and Oral Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Treatment","authors":"Elham Mousavinejad, M. Ghaffari, M. Afsharmanesh, D. Ashtary-Larky, W. Kooti, Reza Afrisham","doi":"10.4172/2165-7890.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7890.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"This review was conducted in order to determine the effect of Oral Coenzyme Q10 supplement on children diagnosed with Autism spectrum of disorders. Among the most common treatments used for autistic spectrum disorders, vitamin/mineral supplements are considered to be the most common treatments. An oral vitamin/mineral supplementation has benefits in improving the nutritional and metabolic status of children with ASD; these include the improvement of oxidative stress, inflammation, but research on using these supplements for treating Coenzyme Q10 supplement on autistic children has been limited. Mitochondrial dysfunctions occur in a subset of ASD. Different cases usually occur due to genetic anomalies or mitochondrial respiratory pathway abnormalities. In addition, they have also been associated with different behaviours in children. There have been many studies that reveal evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction (MtD) in children with ASD. Various drugs of either synthetic or natural origin applied in the treatment of brain disorders need to cross the BBB before they can be used in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autism, and many other chronic illnesses. This review suggests that a Coenzyme Q10 supplement is a reasonable MtD therapy to consider for most children diagnosed with Autism.","PeriodicalId":89745,"journal":{"name":"Autism-open access","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73783083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}