Self/nonself最新文献

Are you my friends or are you my enemies? 你们是我的朋友还是敌人?

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.20137

Amy H Tang

引用次数: 1

Cleavage of PGRP-LC receptor in the Drosophila IMD pathway in response to live bacterial infection in S2 cells. 果蝇IMD通路中PGRP-LC受体的裂解对S2细胞活菌感染的响应。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-07-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.17882

Rebecca L Schmidt, Francesca M Rinaldo, Shayla E Hesse, Masakazu Hamada, Zachary Ortiz, Daniah T Beleford, Andrea Page-McCaw, Jeffrey L Platt, Amy H Tang

{"title":"Cleavage of PGRP-LC receptor in the Drosophila IMD pathway in response to live bacterial infection in S2 cells.","authors":"Rebecca L Schmidt, Francesca M Rinaldo, Shayla E Hesse, Masakazu Hamada, Zachary Ortiz, Daniah T Beleford, Andrea Page-McCaw, Jeffrey L Platt, Amy H Tang","doi":"10.4161/self.17882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/self.17882","url":null,"abstract":"Drosophila responds to Gram-negative bacterial infection by activating the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, leading to production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). As a receptor for the IMD pathway, peptidoglycan-recognition protein (PGRP), PGRP-LC is known to recognize and bind monomeric peptidoglycan (DAP-type PGN) through its PGRP ectodomain and in turn activate the IMD pathway. The questions remain how PGRP-LC is activated in response to pathogen infection to initiate the IMD signal transduction in Drosophila. Here we present evidence to show that proteases such as elastase and Mmp2 can also activate the IMD pathway but not the TOLL pathway. The elastase-dependent IMD activation requires the receptor PGRP-LC. Importantly, we find that live Salmonella/E. coli infection modulates PGRP-LC expression/receptor integrity and activates the IMD pathway while dead Salmonella/E. coli or protease-deficient E. coli do neither. Our results suggest an interesting possibility that Gram-negative pathogen infection may be partially monitored through the structural integrity of the receptor PGRP-LC via an infection-induced enzyme-based cleavage-mediated activation mechanism.","PeriodicalId":89270,"journal":{"name":"Self/nonself","volume":"2 3","pages":"125-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/self.17882","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30570109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Cytokine gene expression in the skin and peripheral blood of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals. 细胞因子基因在特应性皮炎患者和健康人皮肤及外周血中的表达。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-04-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.16939

Elena S Fedenko, Olga G Elisyutina, Tatyana M Filimonova, Margarita N Boldyreva, Olga V Burmenskaya, Olga Yu Rebrova, Alexander A Yarilin, Rakhim M Khaitov

{"title":"Cytokine gene expression in the skin and peripheral blood of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals.","authors":"Elena S Fedenko, Olga G Elisyutina, Tatyana M Filimonova, Margarita N Boldyreva, Olga V Burmenskaya, Olga Yu Rebrova, Alexander A Yarilin, Rakhim M Khaitov","doi":"10.4161/self.2.2.16939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/self.2.2.16939","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an increasingly common, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease characterized by impaired epidermal barrier function and cutaneous inflammation. The prevalence of AD has steadily increased during the past few decades. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate cytokine gene expression in the skin and peripheral blood of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals. RESULTS: In the skin of patients with AD, a significant increase of the level of gene expression was observed for interleukin (IL)-2r (p < 0.0023), IL-5 (p = 0.002), IL-6 (p < 0.0023), IL-8 (p = 0.01), IL-12B (p < 0.0023), IL-10 (p < 0.0023), IL-23 (p = 0.002), IL-29 (p < 0.0023), and transforming growth factor beta (tGFbeta) (p < 0.0023) as compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, no difference between AD patients and healthy donors was detected with respect to cytokine gene expression in the peripheral blood. METHODS: Samples of skin and peripheral blood from 48 severe AD patients (SCORAD = 78.5 [57;89], IGA = 4.2 [3,9;4,7]) at the age of 17 to 45 years and 20 healthy donors aged from 19 to 32 years were analyzed for gene expression of cytokines using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CONCLUSIONS: Activity of markers of chronic inflammation and Th1 immune response in severe AD, namely IL-2r, IL-8, IL-12B, IL-23, IL-29 and TGFbeta, as well as activity of anti-inflammatory IL-5 were predominant in the skin but not in the blood of AD patients.","PeriodicalId":89270,"journal":{"name":"Self/nonself","volume":"2 2","pages":"120-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/self.2.2.16939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30431608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 40

Visualization of Protein Interactions in Living Cells. 活细胞中蛋白质相互作用的可视化。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-04-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.17932

Tomasz Zal

{"title":"Visualization of Protein Interactions in Living Cells.","authors":"Tomasz Zal","doi":"10.4161/self.2.2.17932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/self.2.2.17932","url":null,"abstract":"Ligand binding to cell membrane receptors sets off a series of protein interactions that convey the nuances of ligand identity to the cell interior. The information may be encoded in conformational changes, the interaction kinetics and, in the case of multichain immunoreceptors, by chain rearrangements. The signals may be modulated by dynamic compartmentalization of the cell membrane, cellular architecture, motility, and activation-all of which are difficult to reconstitute for studies of receptor signaling in vitro. In this paper, we will discuss how protein interactions in general and receptor signaling in particular can be studied in living cells by different fluorescence imaging techniques. Particularly versatile are methods that exploit Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), which is exquisitely sensitive to the nanometer-range proximity and orientation between fluorophores. Fluorescence correlation microscopy (FCM) can provide complementary information about the stoichiometry and diffusion kinetics of large complexes, while bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and other complementation techniques can capture transient interactions. A continuing challenge is extracting from the imaging data the quantitative information that is necessary to verify different models of signal transduction.","PeriodicalId":89270,"journal":{"name":"Self/nonself","volume":"2 2","pages":"98-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/self.2.2.17932","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30431606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Selfness-nonselfness in designing an anti-B19 erythrovirus vaccine. 设计抗 B19 红细胞病毒疫苗中的自我-非自我。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-04-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.16190

Candida Fasano, Darja Kanduc

引用次数: 0

Visualization of Cell-Cell Interaction Contacts: Synapses and Kinapses. 细胞-细胞相互作用接触的可视化：突触和激触

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-04-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.17931

Michael L Dustin

{"title":"Visualization of Cell-Cell Interaction Contacts: Synapses and Kinapses.","authors":"Michael L Dustin","doi":"10.4161/self.2.2.17931","DOIUrl":"10.4161/self.2.2.17931","url":null,"abstract":"T-cell activation requires interactions of T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) and peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCp) in an adhesive junction between the T-cell and antigen-presenting cell (APC). Stable junctions with bull's eye supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs) have been defined as immunological synapses. The term synapse works in this case because it joins roots for \"same\" and \"fasten,\" which could be translated as \"fasten in the same place.\" These structures maintain T-cell-APC interaction and allow directed secretion. We have proposed that SMACs are not really clusters, but are analogous to higher order membrane-cytoskeleton zones involved in amoeboid locomotion including a substrate testing lamellipodium, an adhesive lamella and anti-adhesive uropod. Since T-cells can also integrate signaling during locomotion over antigen presenting cells, it is important to consider adhesive junctions maintained as cells move past each other. This combination of movement (kine-) and fastening (-apse) can be described as a kinapse or moving junction. Synapses and kinapses operate in different stages of T-cell priming. Optimal effector functions may also depend upon cyclical use of synapses and kinapses. Visualization of these structures in vitro and in vivo presents many distinct challenges that will be discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":89270,"journal":{"name":"Self/nonself","volume":"2 2","pages":"85-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268994/pdf/self0202_0085.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30430537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HCV: Written in our DNA. HCV:写在我们的DNA里。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-04-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.15795

Darja Kanduc

引用次数: 8

Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer: Gene transfer of T cell specificity. 癌症的过继免疫治疗:T细胞特异性的基因转移。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-04-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.15832

Amir A Al-Khami, Shikhar Mehrotra, Michael I Nishimura

引用次数: 14

Cells diversify transmembrane signaling through the controlled chaos of protein disorder. 细胞通过受控混乱的蛋白质紊乱实现跨膜信号转导的多样化。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-04-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.15756

Alexander B Sigalov

{"title":"Cells diversify transmembrane signaling through the controlled chaos of protein disorder.","authors":"Alexander B Sigalov","doi":"10.4161/self.2.2.15756","DOIUrl":"10.4161/self.2.2.15756","url":null,"abstract":"Cell surface receptors function to transduce signals across the cell membrane leading to a variety of biologic responses. Structurally, these integral proteins can be classified into two main families, depending on whether extracellular ligand-binding and intracellular signaling domains are located on the same protein chain (single-chain receptors, SRs) or on separate subunits (multichain receptors, MRs). Since most MRs are immune receptors, they are all commonly referred to as multi-chain immune recognition receptors (MIRRs). Recent studies reveal that, in contrast to well-structured signaling domains of SRs, those of MIRRs represent intrinsically disordered regions, the regions that lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure under physiological conditions. Why did nature separate recognition and signaling functions of MIRRs? Why for MIRRs did nature select to provide highly specific signaling through the chaos of protein disorder? What mechanisms could control this chaos in the process of transmembrane signal transduction to provide the specificity and diversity of the immune response? Here, I summarize recent findings that may not only shed light on these and other questions but also add significantly to our understanding of receptor signaling, a fundamental process that plays a critical role in health and disease.","PeriodicalId":89270,"journal":{"name":"Self/nonself","volume":"2 2","pages":"75-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268992/pdf/self0202_0075.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30430535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conceptual aspects of self and nonself discrimination. 自我和非我区别的概念方面。

Self/nonself Pub Date : 2011-01-01 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.1.15094

Segundo Gonzalez, Ana Pilar González-Rodríguez, Beatriz Suárez-Álvarez, Alejandro López-Soto, Leticia Huergo-Zapico, Carlos Lopez-Larrea

{"title":"Conceptual aspects of self and nonself discrimination.","authors":"Segundo Gonzalez, Ana Pilar González-Rodríguez, Beatriz Suárez-Álvarez, Alejandro López-Soto, Leticia Huergo-Zapico, Carlos Lopez-Larrea","doi":"10.4161/self.2.1.15094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4161/self.2.1.15094","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the variety and complexity of microorganisms, the mechanisms needed for pathogen recognition are diverse. Innate immune recognition is mainly based on a series of germ-line encoded receptors that have been selected by evolution to recognize nonself molecules present in microorganisms. Innate immunity also recognizes changes in our cells caused by infection, such as the lack or induction of self molecules. Adaptative immunity somatically generates large repertories of receptors which collectively recognize any nonself antigen. These receptors are randomly generated, and the adaptative immune system has to learn how to eliminate or inactivate cells with high avidity receptors for self molecules. Given the enormous variety of microbe structures and immune receptors, the difference between self and nonself is not absolute; it depends on the threshold of activation. In genetically diverse populations, individuals who have this activation threshold too far from the average may suffer an autoimmune reaction. Accumulation of mutations in cancer cells generates neoantigens that may be also recognized as nonself molecules, but the extent of self and nonself discrimination limits immune responsiveness to them. Surprisingly, most of the molecules expressed by cancer cells recognized by the immune system are non mutated self molecules.","PeriodicalId":89270,"journal":{"name":"Self/nonself","volume":"2 1","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4161/self.2.1.15094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30021375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 32