{"title":"Multifaceted algae as an ingredient in alternative meat formulations","authors":"Gandhali Phadnis, Gunjan Prakash","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88533","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.88533","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rising global meat demand and nutritional awareness have fuelled interest in sustainable, ethical protein sources. Animal agriculture generates greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, and water scarcity, creating a need for plant-based meat alternatives. While plant sources face drawbacks such as incomplete amino acid profiles, anti-nutritional factors, and land requirements. Algae emerge as a superior option, delivering exceptionally high protein content (up to 70% dry weight), complete essential amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, polysaccharides, and potent antioxidants, surpassing plant sources in nutrient density, bioavailability, and environmental footprint. This review evaluates the nutritional, environmental, and technological potential of key algal species (microalgae and macroalgae) for meat substitute applications. Algal formulations excel over plant-based counterparts with superior protein quality (PDCAAS >0.9 vs. often <0.8 for plants), rapid biomass growth (10–50× faster than plants), and no arable land requirements, enabling scalable, low-water production. The review addresses challenges such as off-flavors, digestibility, and cost through solutions such as strain selection, biorefinery optimization, and hybrid cultivation systems. An overview of key market players highlights the growing role of algae in alternative meats. By integrating nutritional and industrial perspectives, this work reveals trends positioning algae at the forefront for health-conscious consumers, advocating a “best-of-everything” approach with diverse species to revolutionize sustainable food systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148300786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sha Sha, Patrick Hossler, Alexander Abrahamyan, James Warren
{"title":"A mechanistic model for recombinant adeno-associated virus production dynamics in a helper virus-assisted producer cell line","authors":"Sha Sha, Patrick Hossler, Alexander Abrahamyan, James Warren","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88524","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.88524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is the most widely used viral vector for in vivo gene therapy, with over 200 clinical trials currently underway worldwide. Achieving a manufacturing process that is sufficiently productive with the requisite product quality is critically important for commercialization success. Mammalian producer cell lines (PCLs) are stably transfected to integrate AAV structural and non-structural genes and are frequently combined with infection by wild-type adenovirus (Ad5) to provide helper elements. Within the PCL, both Ad5 amplification and rAAV production occur. During AAV manufacturing with PCLs, the upstream process targets the generation of high rAAV titers and full-capsid percentages. This is followed by a downstream process designed to effectively clear Ad5 and other process-related impurities, while further enriching full rAAV capsids. To explore potential improvements at the cellular level, we developed a mechanistic model based on empirical cell culture data, capturing intracellular dynamics of rAAV assembly and Ad5 amplification. Sensitivity analysis using this model identified cellular processes associated with rAAV yield and full-particle percentage. Notably, the analysis confirmed the critical influence of Ad5 amplification on both rAAV yield and quality. Further analysis, including nonlinear optimization, identified additional targets for cell line and helper virus engineering to evaluate process performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148161631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endotoxin removal by virus filters","authors":"Cui Wang, Shoumiao Wang, Shiyun Peng, Li Fei","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88526","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.88526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Endotoxins pose a significant risk to drug product safety due to their potent pyrogenic activity. However, developing a universal decontamination method for protein solutions remains challenging, as current technologies struggle to reconcile efficient endotoxin removal with high product recovery and operational simplicity. This study explores the novel application of commercial virus filters for endotoxin clearance. We systematically evaluated filters from multiple manufacturers across a range of initial endotoxin concentrations and buffer conditions. The results demonstrate that Planova BioEX and Valpha PES virus filters reduced endotoxin levels by 88%–99% at initial endotoxin concentrations below 5 EU/mg of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody, while achieving near-complete protein recovery (>95%). A comparative study revealed that under low pH conditions (pH 5.5), virus filters outperformed Mustang E and Mustang Q membranes in removing low levels of endotoxin. Under high pH conditions (pH 7.5), their performance was comparable. This difference likely stems from distinct removal mechanisms: Mustang membranes rely on electrostatic interactions, whereas virus filters (~20 nm pore size) operate via size exclusion. Dynamic light scattering results indicated the majority of the mAb-endotoxin complexes exceeded 20 nm, supporting the size-based removal mechanism of virus filters. These findings demonstrate that virus filtration has the potential to serve as a viable alternative for endotoxin removal in preclinical protein processing, particularly for high-pH sensitive proteins and acidic proteins. It also represents a valuable addition to the endotoxin clearance toolbox for clinical manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148197262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Status and future of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector manufacturing","authors":"Frank Agbogbo, David Dismuke","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88525","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.88525","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sixty years of adeno-associated virus (AAV) research illustrates a trajectory marked by basic science exploration, iterative innovation, persistent challenges, a number of clinical setbacks, as well as commercial therapeutic triumphs. This continual evolution has led to recombinant AAV (rAAV) becoming a cornerstone of modern gene therapy. Significant advancements in molecular design, process development, and manufacturing have been made over the past three decades; these improvements are expected to significantly improve the safety, efficacy, and economics of rAAV gene therapies. Beyond rare disease, rAAV vectors have the potential to be used in prevalent conditions such as arthritis, heart failure, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Meeting the vector demands of these disease treatments will require continued innovations in rAAV manufacturing, including further improvements in process optimization and molecular engineering. In addition, the adoption of process intensification and automation strategies, pioneered in other biologics such as monoclonal antibody manufacturing, should prove pivotal in advancing the scale, robustness, and efficiency of rAAV production.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.88525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148306815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samantha Wadsworth, James Reilly, John Mattila, Christopher Cowan, Hanne Bak
{"title":"Development and application of a mechanistic model for protein A resolution of a bispecific antibody for process characterization and optimization.","authors":"Samantha Wadsworth, James Reilly, John Mattila, Christopher Cowan, Hanne Bak","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.88560","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regeneron's bispecific technology, based on a fully human IgG antibody construct, consists of two distinct heavy chains and a common light chain co-expressed in a single cell. The co-expression of the two distinct heavy chains, one of which contains a dipeptide substitution that ablates Protein A binding, leads to the formation of three species with varying degrees of avidity to Protein A: the heterodimer bispecific and two parental homodimer impurities. The avidity difference between the three species can be leveraged for both bulk capture of the bispecific and resolution of the bispecific from the homodimer impurities via a ternary resolving Protein A chromatographic separation on commercially available resins amenable to large scale Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) production. This case study highlights the efficiency of a mechanistic modeling approach for the optimization and characterization of ternary resolving Protein A unit operations. A mechanistic model, comprised of a general rate transport model and colloidal particle adsorption (CPA) affinity isotherm, was developed to describe this ternary separation for a model bispecific. The model was calibrated and validated with 10 laboratory experiments and demonstrated an ability to predict bispecific yield within 3% and bispecific purity within 1% on average. The model was then used to optimize the process and characterize the design space, while providing mechanistic insight into the process.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":" ","pages":"e88560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amin Javidanbardan, Fatemeh Najafi, Ziqiao Wang, Andrew L. Zydney
{"title":"Viscosity of concentrated mRNA solutions: Implications for downstream processing","authors":"Amin Javidanbardan, Fatemeh Najafi, Ziqiao Wang, Andrew L. Zydney","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88529","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.88529","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics can be used to protect against infectious disease and for the treatment of cancers and genetic disorders. In order to obtain the desired therapeutic dosage, it is necessary to concentrate the mRNA to levels where the viscosity of the mRNA solutions can become significant. However, there is currently no quantitative data on the viscosity of these concentrated mRNA solutions. Experiments were performed with two model mRNA constructs: a firefly luciferase (Fluc) mRNA (2.117 kb) and a self-amplifying RNA (9.442 kb) over a wide range of concentrations. The viscosity of the larger saRNA was more than 140 mPa·s at a concentration of 28 mg/mL, which is more than 10× larger than that for the Fluc mRNA under the same conditions. The viscosity was a weak function of shear rate (from 10 to 100 s<sup>−1</sup>), with some shear-thinning behavior. The viscosity data were analyzed using several available models from the literature, providing additional insights into the underlying physical behavior. The potential implications of the mRNA viscosity in the downstream processing of mRNA therapeutics are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.88529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter J. Halfmann, Augustine Duffy, Alex Wee, Noah Anderson, Jackson Terrell, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Ravi S. Kane
{"title":"Characterization and immunogenicity of nanoparticle vaccines displaying embecovirus spike proteins","authors":"Peter J. Halfmann, Augustine Duffy, Alex Wee, Noah Anderson, Jackson Terrell, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Ravi S. Kane","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88530","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.88530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Endemic human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 cause widespread respiratory infections and can be associated with severe illness in immunocompromised and elderly individuals. Frequent adaptive evolution in the spike proteins of these embecoviruses and the potential for zoonotic transmission from a large animal reservoir necessitates the characterization of the immunogenic landscape of the spike proteins of embecoviruses. Here, we constructed nanoparticle vaccines displaying the spike antigens from OC43, HKU1 A, or HKU1 B, as well as a bivalent formulation incorporating spike antigens from OC43 and HKU1 A. Immunization of mice elicited spike-specific IgG antibody responses, with endpoint titers demonstrating cross-reactivity among clade-matched viruses. Notably, the bivalent formulation elicited antibody responses comparable to those of monovalent vaccines against matched antigens. These findings inform future design of vaccines against human-infecting embecoviruses and could serve as an important step toward a universal vaccine against common cold causing coronaviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.88530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prolonged autophagy induction correlates with host cell protein reduction in CHO cell culture","authors":"Ansuman Sahoo, Taku Tsukidate, Geetanjali Pendyala, Rong-Sheng Yang, Xuanwen Li, Sri Ranganayaki Madabhushi","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88528","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.88528","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autophagy, a cellular recycling process regulated by the CLEAR signaling pathway, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. We hypothesize that this process may regulate and reduce high-risk host cell proteins (HCPs) levels by targeting intracellular proteins and organelles for degradation. This study investigates the relationship between autophagy induction and the reduction of HCPs, including polysorbate-degrading enzymes (PSDEs), to enhance the stability of therapeutic biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Using clonal analysis, we identified upregulation of the CLEAR pathway in one clone, correlating with a significant reduction in lipase activity and PSDE abundance. Furthermore, autophagy modulators, such as 3-methyladenine (3-MA), selectively decreased PSDE levels in both glucose-supplemented batch culture and fed-batch cultures. This resulted in a 62% reduction in lipase activity that corresponded to a 22% improvement in polysorbate-80 stability. Additionally, 3-MA treatment increased mAb specific productivity and altered glycosylation profiles, increasing afucosylation and galactosylation levels. These findings highlight autophagy induction as a promising strategy to modulate product quality profiles and reduce high-risk HCPs in biologics production.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148283042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shu Yang, Edwin M Shen, Piyush Agarwal, Amer Al Lozi, Isaac Snodgrass, Anas Husain, Victor Martins, Jordan Garry, Jennifer Klemisch, Mariah Brantley, Vaishnavi Cheripally, Pranathi Ravikumar, Derrick Ruble, Hongheng Keo, Kevin Callahan, John Coyne, Wenge Wang, Jennifer Romine, Jeremy Shaver, Bhanu Chandra Mulukutla, William Fahey, Reza Kamyar
{"title":"BioOps: Enabling MLOps for scalable and flexible model-centric process control in biopharmaceutical development.","authors":"Shu Yang, Edwin M Shen, Piyush Agarwal, Amer Al Lozi, Isaac Snodgrass, Anas Husain, Victor Martins, Jordan Garry, Jennifer Klemisch, Mariah Brantley, Vaishnavi Cheripally, Pranathi Ravikumar, Derrick Ruble, Hongheng Keo, Kevin Callahan, John Coyne, Wenge Wang, Jennifer Romine, Jeremy Shaver, Bhanu Chandra Mulukutla, William Fahey, Reza Kamyar","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.88556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The deployment of advanced modeling and machine learning in biopharmaceutical process control has been limited by legacy fragmented automation infrastructure and a lack of model lifecycle governance. We present BioOps, a modular automation framework for biopharmaceutical advanced process control (APC). The framework incorporates established Machine Learning Operations (MLOps) principles, including version-controlled model registries, containerized deployment, and continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines. BioOps explicitly decouples model development from model execution within the control architecture. This decoupling enables process scientists to deploy, test, and iteratively refine mathematical models and control strategies in a flexible manner. These workflows can be applied across heterogeneous bioreactor platforms and are executed entirely in-house, without reliance on vendor-specific solutions or custom system integration. In addition, BioOps embeds traceability, auditability, and model lifecycle management directly into the control stack. As a result, the framework aligns with regulatory expectations while continuing to support agile, in-house experimentation and development. Case studies across a geographically distributed set of bioreactors demonstrate BioOps' versatility in PAT-driven feedback control, hybrid model-based nutrient and glucose feeding, adaptive phase transitions, and cross-scale deployment. By operationalizing model-centric control through an MLOps-inspired architecture, BioOps provides a practical foundation for scalable, reproducible, and future-ready biomanufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":" ","pages":"e88556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of media intensification strategies in perfusion.","authors":"Allison Y Tang, Yiwen Zhu, Nuno D S Pinto","doi":"10.1002/btpr.88557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.88557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Upstream continuous manufacturing of biologic therapeutics has been an attractive method to address growing demand. However, maintaining high cell densities (>100 million cells/mL) for long periods of time (>25 days) requires large amounts of media, complicating logistics and presenting a roadblock to increased adoption. To reduce volumetric media use, intensified media recipes have been developed. This study evaluates two such recipes to reduce perfusion rate by up to 30%: the first, a concentrated media formulation to increase nutritional depth, and the second, a commercial perfusion rate reducing supplement. We observe how the cell process, productivity, and product quality are impacted. Direct media intensification stalls cell growth by increasing osmolality, ultimately decreasing cell viability. Meanwhile, media with the perfusion rate reducing supplement maintains cell viability and productivity and has no significant impact on product quality compared to the control. We demonstrated the generalizability of the perfusion rate reducing supplement by testing with a different media and cell clone and observed similar results. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that both intensified media strategies successfully stall cells in the G0/G1 phase, but the perfusion rate reducing supplement more effectively arrests cell proliferation, suggesting a larger shift from growth-driven cells in glycolysis to production-driven cells in oxidative metabolism, and likely contributing to its superior performance. These findings demonstrate important considerations in media intensification and introduce the perfusion rate reducing supplement as a viable media supplement to reduce volumetric media consumption while maintaining process performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":" ","pages":"e88557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}