GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the PotoClean(®) decontamination technology for reprocessing of water supply lines in dental units during routine work.","authors":"Axel Kramer,&nbsp;Torsten Koburger,&nbsp;Lisa-Dorothea Taube,&nbsp;Michael Menzel,&nbsp;Georg Meyer,&nbsp;Ojan Assadian","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A frequent problem in dental units is the microbial contamination of water and biofilm formation in the water supply lines. After random identification of a bacterial contaminated dental unit (310 cfu/ml) in a practise with 3 dental units we implemented the present study to evaluate the efficacy of the PotoClean(®) technology, based on anodic oxidation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The efficacy of a regular low concentrated permanent decontamination (1 mg Cl/L) with an additional intensive decontamination by PotoClean(®) (three times 20 mg Cl/ml for 2 h) on three dental units was tested over 7 months. Microbial contamination, total chlorine concentration and redox potential have been analyzed. Dental unit A and B was 15 years old, unit C 5 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 3 intensive decontaminations, in dental unit A and B the number of bacteria and moulds could be reduced less than 7 d. Thereafter the bacteria counts increased again during the subsequent 7 month period and the amount of moulds was with some exceptions 300 cfu/ml, although PotoClean(®) was constantly added in the system (1 mg Cl/L). After further 7.5 month only with low concentrated permanent disinfection (1 mg Cl/L) both units were successful decontaminated. Dental unit C represented an object which was easier to decontaminate because of the advanced construction (prevention of water stagnation) and the shorter useful life. At the beginning of the decontamination it was no bacterial contamination, but moulds were contained (300 cfu/ml). Already after the first intensive decontamination, no further bacteria and moulds could be detected.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>An important factor for the efficacy of PotoClean(®) was the age of the units and their construction. For a new generation of dental units PotoClean(®) was effective during the whole period of monitoring. For two old types of dental unit with massive biofilm development the successful decontamination needed more than 7 month.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The PotoClean(®) technology has resulted in even old-type turbines with intensive biofilm formation to complete decontamination. In a recent turbine design already after the first intensive decontamination with PotoClean(®) and its continuous use (1 mg Cl/L) no more contamination by bacteria and moulds were detectable.</p>","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30591908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations and requirements for soap and hand rub dispensers in healthcare facilities.","authors":"Ojan Assadian,&nbsp;Axel Kramer,&nbsp;Bärbel Christiansen,&nbsp;Martin Exner,&nbsp;Heike Martiny,&nbsp;Arno Sorger,&nbsp;Miranda Suchomel","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent transmission of infectious agents and plays a major role in prevention of infection in any type of healthcare setting. While requirements for the efficacy of hand disinfectants are defined in European testing norms such as the EN 1500 for hygienic hand disinfection or EN 12791 for surgical hand preparation, no specific recommendations for hand rub dispensers and liquid soap dispensers have been given yet. Therefore, the intention of the present recommendation on soap and hand rub dispensers in healthcare facilities is to close this gap and to enhance future improvement of dispenser functionality and design. Regardless of manufacture and design of a hand rub or liquid soap dispensers the following requirements shall be met in healthcare facilities:Triggering the dispenser must be possible without using hands. Sensor- or elbow-operated dispensers both fulfill this requirement. Dispensers must be only refillable in a modality where the content, be it a hand rub or liquid soap, cannot be contaminated. This is achieved best by using replaceable cartridge systems. Refilling through \"top-up\" must not be possible. The disperser should allow usage of different types of cartridges made by different manufacturers. Dispensers must be operated and maintained such that a microbial contamination of the pump nozzle may easily be avoided. It must be possible to identify the products used in a dispenser easily and without any manipulation. Identifying the type of product, be it a hand rub or a liquid soap, as well as reading the product's name and critical manufacturers' warnings must be possible at any time. The disperser must allow identification of the level of the used product without any further manipulation at any time. The design of the dispenser must allow easy cleaning and disinfection the outside and inside of the dispenser. The manufacturer of the dispenser must provide the user with information on applicable chemicals and cleaning products. It must be possible to reprocess the dispenser and all of its permanent parts by applying machine based thermal disinfection at an A(0)-value of minimum 60 (e.g. 80°C/1 minute). Automatically portioning dispensers shall not fail during 200 hubs. The maximal allowed failure rate shall not exceed 1% (2 out of 200 consecutive hubs). A dispenser used for alcohol based hand rubs must allow keeping the alcohol concentration constant over a time period of 3 months. The maximum acceptable decrease in the concentration of the alcohol shall not exceed 5%. Liquid soap and hand rub dispensers with single-use pumps, ideally already mounted on the cartridge and to be discharged with the empty cartridge, are preferable. If pumps are used on the next consecutive cartridge, the manufacturer must provide the user with a detailed introduction for cleansing and reprocessing before further use. Because of forensic reasons it is recommended to place a good readable sign ","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc03"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30594199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the ActiDes-Blue and CARELA HYDRO-DES technology for the sanitation of contaminated cooling water systems in dental units.","authors":"Axel Kramer,&nbsp;Sandra Lemanski,&nbsp;Kathleen Demond,&nbsp;Ojan Assadian","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The hygienic-microbiological control of 6 dental units being in use for the past 16 years revealed a significantly increased microbial contamination of their cooling water system. In order to comply with the requirements of the drinking water directive (\"Trinkwasserverordnung\"), the commercially available production system ActiDes, producing on-site ActiDes-Blue which is based on hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and generated by anodic oxidation, was investigated.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Water samples from the 6 contaminated dental units were examined for the total number of colony forming units (cfu), contamination with molds, L. pneumophila and P. aeruginosa. The control period for the total colony count was 4 weeks (8 samples/unit). The subsequent application phase of the ActiDes-Blue procedure was 6 months (31 samples/unit). Additionally, the redox potential and the pH value were measured.Futhermore, the decontamination agent CARELA HYDRO-DES, a two component agent based on H(2)O(2) with the addition of a mixture of sodium hydrogen sulphate and sulphuric acid in an aqueous solution effective at 0.1% and higher, was applied in a unit that had been put out of service for a month before. Before application, the system was first filled with a 5% solution of the alkaline pre-cleaning agent CARELA Solvent for bacterial slime; the system was left with this solution for 1 h. The pre-cleaning agent was then completely displaced from the system with tap water and a decontaminating solution of 5% CARELA HYDRO-DES and left in place for 1 h.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Drinking water quality level was reached only twice during the control phase. The average values of the dental units ranged between 3,633 CFU/ml and 29,417 c/ml. During the application phase, drinking water level could be achieved in 11 water samples. In another 6 water samples a total colony count of <150 cfu/ml was reached. The average values for the dental units' total colony count ranged between 529 cfu/ml and 87,450 cfu/ml. No significant differences between the control phase and the action phase could be demonstrated. During the control phase, contamination of the water samples with a mold was noticed so that examinations for molds were carried out beyond the scope of the drinking water directive. For this parameter as well, no significant differences between the phases of the study could be shown.The Legionella load of the dental units was low. L. pneumophila were yielded in only 4 out of 130 water samples. During the control phase, twice colony counts at 50 cfu/1,000 ml and 110 cfu/1,000 ml were measured. During the action phase, counts with Legionella spp. could be measured at 5 cfu/1,000 ml for one unit only. Also, with 1-10 cfu/100 ml, the P. aeruginosa contamination was low. During the application phase, it ranged between 0-7 cfu/100 ml.Redox potential and pH value showed a slight decrease during the application phase.Before treatment with CARE","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc09"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30594205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot-study on the influence of carrier gas and plasma application (open resp. delimited) modifications on physical plasma and its antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.","authors":"Rutger Matthes,&nbsp;Sander Bekeschus,&nbsp;Claudia Bender,&nbsp;Ina Koban,&nbsp;Nils-Olaf Hübner,&nbsp;Axel Kramer","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Physical plasma is a promising new technology regarding its antimicrobial effects. This is especially accounting for treatment of bacterial infection of chronic wounds. Plasma can be generated with different carrier gases causing various biological effects. Screening of different carrier gases and plasma generation setups is therefore needed to find suitable compositions for highly effective antimicrobial plasma treatments and other applications.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The plasma source used was a radio-frequency plasma jet which generates tissue tolerable plasma (TTP). The study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of air, argon, or helium plasma alone or admixed with 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% oxygen against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Treatment took place in an environmentally open and delimited system. Therefore, bacteria were plated on agar and treated with plasma in a punctiform manner. The resulting inhibition zones were measured and the reduction factors were calculated by colony counting, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, inhibition zones and overall reduction of colony forming units (CFU) on the agar plate were observed while an accumulative reduction of CFU dominated for S. aureus. The highest antimicrobial effect was shown in form of an inhibition zone for argon plasma with 0.1% oxygen admixture for both species. S. aureus was more sensitive for helium plasma with >0.1% oxygen admixture compared to P. aeruginosa which in turn was more sensitive for argon plasma with and without oxygen. The efficacy of air plasma was very low in comparison to the other gases. The treatment in a closed system predominantly enhanced the antimicrobial effect. The effect intensity varied for each treatment time and gas mixtures.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>As expected, the antimicrobial effect mostly increased when increasing oxygen admixture to the carrier gases. The variation in bacterial growth and inhibition after exposure to different plasma gas compositions could be due to a varying generation of reactive oxygen species or radiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The applied plasma in a \"closed system\" accumulates bactericidal plasma species and might increase antimicrobial efficacy in clinical settings as in wound management involving multi-drug resistant bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc02"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30594198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purge- and intensive-purge decontamination of dental units contaminated with biofilm.","authors":"Axel Kramer,&nbsp;Ojan Assadian,&nbsp;Danny Bachfeld,&nbsp;Georg Meyer","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>During hygienic-microbiological monitoring of the water quality in dental units, the total bacterial colony count was found to exceed the limits for drinking water quality; in addition, mold contamination was detected. The presumed cause was irregular decontamination of the units through purging and intensive decontamination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To decontaminate the units, the manufacturer's recommended program for cleaning and intensive decontamination was intensified by shortened intervals over a 2-week period. For Sirona units, instead of once a day, the automatic purge program was run every morning and evening for 20 min each time, and instead of once a month, intensive decontamination was performed every two weeks; this schedule has been maintained since then. For KaVo units, cleaning with the hydroclean function was carried out for 2.5 min every morning and evening. The automatic intensive decontamination was run daily instead of weekly. A maintenance log book was introduced, in which decontamination/cleaning was confirmed by the operator's signature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within 5 weeks, all previously contaminated units were decontaminated.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>By shortening the cleaning and intensive decontamination intervals in a 2-week period with subsequent control that the recommended maintenance intervals were kept, it was possible to guarantee drinking-water quality in the dental units of both manufacturers.</p>","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30591909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing for aerobic heterotrophic bacteria allows no prediction of contamination with potentially pathogenic bacteria in the output water of dental chair units.","authors":"Margit Bristela,&nbsp;Astrid Skolka,&nbsp;Martina Schmid-Schwap,&nbsp;Eva Piehslinger,&nbsp;Alexander Indra,&nbsp;Günther Wewalka,&nbsp;Fritz Stauffer","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Currently, to our knowledge, quality of output water of dental chair units is not covered by specific regulations in the European Union, and national recommendations are heterogeneous. In Germany, water used in dental chair units must follow drinking water quality. In the United States of America, testing for aerobic heterotrophic bacteria is recommended. The present study was performed to evaluate whether the counts of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria correlate with the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Legionella spp. or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>71 samples were collected from 26 dental chair units with integrated disinfection device and 31 samples from 15 outlets of the water distribution pipework within the department were examined. Samples were tested for aerobic heterotrophic bacteria at 35°C and 22°C using different culture media and for Legionella spp. and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were typed with monoclonal antibodies and representative samples of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were typed by sequence based typing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed a correlation between different agars for aerobic heterotrophic bacteria but no correlation for the count of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and the presence of Legionella spp. or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Testing for aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in output water or water distribution pipework within the departments alone is without any value for predicting whether the water is contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria like Legionella spp. or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p>","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30591910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection control and quality management in dental medicine and maxillofacial surgery.","authors":"Ojan Assadian,&nbsp;Axel Kramer,&nbsp;Georg Meyer","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000200","DOIUrl":"10.3205/dgkh000200","url":null,"abstract":"Infection control and the provision of quality management of hygiene both are important for the success of dental practices. The present issue deals with a number of topics related to quality management and primary prevention of infection in dental medicine and maxillofacial surgery. In order to monitor and measure the desired outcome quality, suitable indicators are required. Therefore, the emphasis of the first section of this issue is the discussion and highlighting considerations for selection of the most suitable quality indicators in dental medicine. Based on the HACCP (Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points) concept, the quality concept according to Donabedian, and the quality indicators used by the German Healthcare system general requirements for quality management indicators are deduced. The proposed indicators, however, may need further fine-tuning, depending on the different requirements of subspecialized healthcare areas. Furthermore, the impact of existing infection control and quality management recommendations on dental medicine is analyzed. Hygiene requirements in dentalmedicine have been published first in 1989 by the GermanWorking Group for Hygiene in Dentistry (DAHZ) is regularly updated in the Germany Hygiene Guidelines of the DAHZ. Therein, continuously the statutory requirements and recommendations are updated following the Robert Koch-Institute’s KRINKO recommendations and modified accordingly based on latest scientific evidence. In 1998, the KRINKO firstly published recommendations for infection control in dentalmedicine; there recommendationswere updated in 2006. However, for some aspects and areas in dentistry, there still is room for improvement and a demand for more suitable solutions [1]. Therefore, and based on other public criticism, it was raised that the KRINKO recommendations had not the expected impact on improving the current situation in Germany. In 2009, the status of infection control in dental medicine was investigated based on a questionnaire survey in a small rural region in Germany. Some 35 dental practices were included. This survey could not confirm such criticisms. Since 2002/2003, infection control and quality management standards in dental practice have improved not only subjectively, but based on measurable quality indicators also objectively [2], [3]. This positive trend is largely due to the recommendations of the KRINKO and the DAHZ and related activities of the dental associations to support their translation and practical implementation into dental practice. Another aspect directly adjunct to quality in dental medicine is the quality of reprocessing devices. Current attention is focusing increasingly on the topic of reprocessing of dental instruments and taking the mandatory quality","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30591913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low nasal carriage of drug-resistant bacteria among medical students in Vienna.","authors":"Guido A Gualdoni,&nbsp;Tilman Lingscheid,&nbsp;Selma Tobudic,&nbsp;Heinz Burgmann","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multi-drug resistant bacteria are increasing and remain a major public health challenge worldwide. In order to understand the potential role of medical students as a reservoir for circulating pathogenic bacteria and their transmission, we analysed the nasal colonisation among 86 clinically exposed medical students of the Medical University of Vienna, which is integrated into General Hospital of Vienna.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nasal swabs obtained from 79 students were eligible for further analysis. Nasal swabs were analysed for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with special emphasis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>25.3% of participants were positive for Staphylococcus aureus colonization; none of the isolates showed methicillin-resistance or expression of Pantoin-Valentine-leukocidin. However, 2.5% were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. No participant showed Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation. Furthermore, 10.1% of the samples displayed growth of Gram-negative bacteria, yet none showed any relevant drug-resistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, our investigation did not reveal any clinically relevant multi-drug resistant bacterial colonisation among clinically exposed medical students in Vienna. This might be explained by well-established hygienic precautions or comparably low circulation of resistant bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc04"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30594200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does viral DNA find the nucleus of an infected cell?","authors":"Herbert Widulle","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>If all locations of a living cell would have the same chemical potential, most viral infections of a cell should be abortive, even after the a penetration of the cell wall by the viral DNA-polymer or viral RNA-polymer occurred. This is obviously not the case. Therefore, there must be a mechanism which transports a viral DNA-polymer from the cell wall to the nucleus and not to any other location. A possible mechanism is proposed which is in accordance with biophysical chemistry. The presented description of the mechanism uses non equilibrium thermodynamics to find a simple solution for the problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc01"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30594197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprocessing of dental instruments in washer-disinfectors: does a representative test soil exist in dentistry?","authors":"Alexander Franz,&nbsp;Margit Bristela,&nbsp;Fritz Stauffer","doi":"10.3205/dgkh000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000197","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Reprocessing of medical devices, being classified as semi-critical B is recommended to be performed in a washer-disinfector. In order to estimate, whether the expected contaminants of the various medical disciplines can be effectively removed by this washer-disinfector, different so called “test soils” have been proposed to be tested as a marker of cleaning efficacy of the disinfector. Todays described test soils are optimised for the testing of contaminations occurring in surgical procedures, but not for dental procedures. Methods: In this study the test soils being proposed in the EN 15883-5 (e.g. KMNE soil, recipe by Koller and coagulated sheep’s blood) were compared with 8 reference substances used in the conservative-prosthetic dental practice. The success of the cleaning efficacy in the washer-disinfector was checked visually and by determining the residual protein concentration on the contaminated instruments after the cleaning procedure. Results: It could be shown that in contrast to the proposed test soils of the EN 15883-5, the used reference substances of the dental practice could not be removed by the washer-disinfector. Removal of these reference substances was only possible after manual or ultrasonic cleaning. Conclusions: Since blood plays a subordinate role as a contaminant of instruments during conservative-prosthetic dental treatments, testing of the cleaning efficacy of the washer-disinfector with test soils according to the proposals of the EN 15883-5 is not representative in this discipline of dentistry. Most of the materials used in dental practice can only be removed manually or with the help of the ultrasound bath.","PeriodicalId":88496,"journal":{"name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","volume":"7 1","pages":"Doc13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/dgkh000197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30591911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}