The journal of philosophy, science & law最新文献

{"title":"A Proposal for Thinking Strategically About Ethics Education: Applying the Principles of Andragogy to Enhance Teaching and Learning About Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR)","authors":"Camille Nebeker","doi":"10.5840/JPSL20141413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/JPSL20141413","url":null,"abstract":"Training in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) is mandated for select trainees supported by federal funds. RCR Instructors typically address standards and accepted practices for the planning, conduct and reporting of academic research. While this focus may be relevant to future academic scientists, the majority of science graduate students pursue careers in non-academic employment sectors (e.g., government, non-profit, industry). The ethical and regulatory conventions, norms and expectations of the academic setting may not always transfer to other work environments. As such, educators should focus less on answering specific questions about standards and practices in academia, and instead design ethics education to actively engage students in a learning process that prepares them with the skills to identify and navigate ethical dimensions in a wide range of possible science professions. This paper introduces the principles of andragogy and provides recommendations for educators to consider when designing research ethics education for graduate students seeking cross-sector science careers. By applying principles that resonate with adult learning and integrating strategies that promote self-directed and life-long learning (e.g., reflective practice and collaborative projects), professional and research ethics instructional effectiveness may be enhanced. Introduction Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training is provided to students and postdoctoral trainees at academic institutions throughout the United States, primarily in response to federal funding requirements (NIH 1992; NIH 2009; NSF 2009). Core areas of instruction associated with RCR training (e.g., data management, conflict of interest, authorship, research subject protections) were initially identified by the National Institutes of Health (NIH 1992) and, later by the Public Health Service (PHS 2000). While subject matter areas were identified, the NIH did not present a prescriptive plan or establish standards for training; leaving the scope of RCR training open to the discretion of each institution. As a result, RCR educational initiatives have emerged over the past quarter century with diverse goals, content and instructional approaches (Kalichman & Plemmons 2007; DuBois et al. 2010; Mastroianni & Kahn 1999).","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"10 1","pages":"32-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82973838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deferred Consent in Emergency Care Research: A Comparative Perspective of South African Regulations","authors":"Andra le Roux-Kemp","doi":"10.5840/JPSL20141414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/JPSL20141414","url":null,"abstract":"Obtaining informed consent from potential research participants can be fraught with difficulty at the best of times. In emergency care research, consent procedures are particularly controversial as research subjects are usually unable to voice their wishes and unable to consider the material benefits and risks of the medical procedures, treatment and research. And, an added level of difficulty is the unique nature of the emergency situation, where time is of the essence and obtaining proxy consent from a legal representative or family member is not always logistically possible. This article will consider the deferred consent procedures and regulations of emergency care research in South Africa. A comparative overview will then be provided of the relevant procedures and regulations on emergency care research in the UK, continental Europe, and the USA. The important oversight role of Research Ethics Committees and Institutional Review Boards in emergency care research will be emphasized in terms of the difficult ethical and legal concerns that must guide them in their decision-making responsibilities.","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"1 1","pages":"47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90867625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Robotics: Changing the Nature of War and Thresholds and Tolerance for Conflict - Implications for Research and Policy","authors":"Daniel Howlader, James Giordano","doi":"10.5840/JPSL20131322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/JPSL20131322","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: From Fiction to Fact The idea of robotic warriors is not new; depictions in popular media such as the Cylons from the Battlestar Galactica television shows, and Arnold Schwarzenegger’s iconic character from the Terminator series of films have kept discussions largely fictional, and not oriented toward the possible realties that might necessitate meaningful discourse on scientific, technological, ethical and policy issues. However, the construction and iterative designing of evermore-advanced robotics for both military and non-military purposes emphasizes the need and importance of such meaningful address to address the realistic potential and problems of current, and near future technology. For example, the introduction and growing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in both reconnaissance and combat scenarios over the last decade has prompted deeper speculation, and more probing questions about how such advanced technologies, including robots, could and will affect the nature of twenty-first century warfare. In light of these developments and possibilities, this essay will examine the concept of advanced robotics and how the introduction and widespread adoption of robotic technologies by military forces, specifically those of the United States, may affect both the conduct of warfare, and the tolerance and threshold for engaging in conflict.","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"98 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90111664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constitutions","authors":"","doi":"10.5040/9781350284814.ch-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350284814.ch-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81094882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making, Justifying, and Evaluating Law","authors":"","doi":"10.5040/9781350284814.ch-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350284814.ch-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84677557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Admissions and Confessions","authors":"C. Perry","doi":"10.5840/JPSL20121233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/JPSL20121233","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75883008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyber Capacity without Cyber Security: A Case Study of Nigeria’s National Policy for Information Technology (NPFIT)","authors":"R. Moses-Òkè","doi":"10.5840/JPSL20121211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/JPSL20121211","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to the year 2001, the phenomenon of Internet criminal fraud was not globally associated with Nigeria. Since then, however, the country had acquired a world-wide notoriety in criminal activities, especially financial scams, facilitated through the use of the Internet. This is not to say that computer-related crimes were alien to the country. It is, however, remarkable that the perpetration of cyber crimes involving Nigerians and traceable to Nigeria became so rampant that questions might be legitimately raised as to why the problem became so pronounced from around that year. It is further remarkable that the attempt to launch Nigeria into the digital age coincided with the unprecedented rise in computer-related financial crimes in the country. In this paper, it is argued that the problem arose as a direct consequence of the lapses in the 2001 National Policy for Information Technology (NPFIT). The argument is based on an analysis of the various provisions of the Policy, with specific focus on the lack of proactive security provisions in it and in its subsequent implementation, in the wider context of global experiences of, and efforts to deal with, cyber security breaches as at the time of the formulation and implementation of the NPFIT.","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77343051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The History and Implications of Testing Thalidomide on Animals","authors":"R. Greek, N. Shanks, M. J. Rice","doi":"10.5840/JPSL20111133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/JPSL20111133","url":null,"abstract":"The current use of animals to test for potential teratogenic effects of drugs and other chemicals dates back to the thalidomide disaster of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Controversy surrounds the following questions: 1. What was known about placental transfer of drugs when thalidomide was developed? 2. Was thalidomide tested on animals for teratogenicity prior to its release? 3. Would more animal testing have prevented the thalidomide disaster? 4. What lessons should be learned from the thalidomide disaster regarding animal testing for teratogenicity? We review the literature in order to address these questions.","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89796945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scientific Evidence and the Law: An Objective Bayesian Formalization of the Precautionary Principle in Pharmaceutical Regulation","authors":"B. Osimani, F. Russo, Jon Williamson","doi":"10.5840/JPSL20111122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/JPSL20111122","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the legal tools that have been developed in German pharmaceutical regulation as a result of the precautionary attitude inaugurated by the Contergan decision (1970). These tools are (i) the notion of ―well-founded suspicion‖, which attenuates the requirements for safety intervention by relaxing the requirement of a proved causal connection between danger and source, and the introduction of (ii) the reversal of proof burden in liability norms. The paper focuses on the first and proposes seeing the precautionary principle as an instance of the requirement that one should maximise expected utility. In order to maximise expected utility certain probabilities are required and it is argued that objective Bayesianism offers the most plausible means to determine the optimal decision in cases where evidence supports diverging choices. 1. Precautionary attitudes in response to uncertain knowledge Historically, the precautionary principle arose in response to the lessons learnt from environmental disasters and injuries to human and animal health caused by chemical compounds (x-ray radioactivity, benzene, asbestos, PCB, halocarbons, DES sulphur dioxide, etc.). These tragedies could have been avoided if signals of alarm had been taken more seriously. This hindsight, together with the increasing awareness of the unpredictability of environmental and health effects created by the chemical industry, stimulated the development of juridical instruments for the management of lack of knowledge—see, for instance, the work done by the European Environmental Agency (2001). These instruments are meant to be able to enlarge the powers of intervention for authorities against sources of possible harm, even in the absence of scientific proof of a causal link. Causal link is the central notion in this context because it is the basis both for action on the one hand, and for responsibility attribution on the other hand. The first programmatic documents advocating administrative intervention before a causal connection be scientifically established were developed in relation to","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78677553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scientific evidence and the law","authors":"B. Osimani, F. Russo, Jon Williamson","doi":"10.5282/UBM/EPUB.29388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5282/UBM/EPUB.29388","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the legal tools that have been developed in German pharmaceutical regulation as a result of the precautionary attitude inaugurated by the Contergan decision (1970). These tools are (i) the notion of \"well-founded suspicion\", which attenuates the requirements for safety intervention by relaxing the requirement of a proved causal connection between danger and source, and the introduction of (ii) the reversal of proof burden in liability norms. The paper focuses on the first and proposes seeing the precautionary principle as an instance of the requirement that one should maximise expected utility. In order to maximise expected utility certain probabilities are required and it is argued that objective Bayesianism offers the most plausible means to determine the optimal decision in cases where evidence supports diverging choices.","PeriodicalId":88325,"journal":{"name":"The journal of philosophy, science & law","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84568308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}