{"title":"Global Gene Expression Analysis for the Assessment of Nanobiomaterials.","authors":"Nobutaka Hanagata","doi":"10.1159/000381695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using global gene expression analysis, the effects of biomaterials and nanomaterials can be analyzed at the genetic level. Even though information obtained from global gene expression analysis can be useful for the evaluation and design of biomaterials and nanomaterials, its use for these purposes is not widespread. This is due to the difficulties involved in data analysis. Because the expression data of about 20,000 genes can be obtained at once with global gene expression analysis, the data must be analyzed using bioinformatics. A method of bioinformatic analysis called gene ontology can estimate the kinds of changes on cell functions caused by genes whose expression level is changed by biomaterials and nanomaterials. Also, by applying a statistical analysis technique called hierarchical clustering to global gene expression data between a variety of biomaterials, the effects of the properties of materials on cell functions can be estimated. In this chapter, these theories of analysis and examples of applications to nanomaterials and biomaterials are described. Furthermore, global microRNA analysis, a method that has gained attention in recent years, and its application to nanomaterials are introduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"78-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33860273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Membranes for Periodontal Regeneration--A Materials Perspective.","authors":"Marco C Bottino, Vinoy Thomas","doi":"10.1159/000381699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting nearly 50% of adults in the United States. If left untreated, it can lead to the destruction of both soft and mineralized tissues that constitute the periodontium. Clinical management, including but not limited to flap debridement and/or curettage, as well as regenerative-based strategies with periodontal membranes associated or not with grafting materials, has been used with distinct levels of success. Unquestionably, no single implantable biomaterial can consistently guide the coordinated growth and development of multiple tissue types, especially in very large periodontal defects. With the global aging population, it is extremely important to find novel biomaterials, particularly bioactive membranes and/or scaffolds, for guided tissue (GTR) and bone regeneration (GBR) to aid in the reestablishment of the health and function of distinct periodontal tissues. This chapter offers an update on the evolution of biomaterials (i.e. membranes and bioactive scaffolds) as well as material-based strategies applied in periodontal regeneration. The authors start by providing a brief summary of the histological characteristics and functions of the periodontium and its main pathological condition, namely periodontitis. Next, a review of commercially available GTR/GBR membranes is given, followed by a critical appraisal of the most recent advances in the development of bioactive materials that enhance the chance for clinical success of periodontal tissue regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"90-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33860274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomaterials in the Reconstruction of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region.","authors":"Ashraf Ayoub, Randa Al-Fotawei","doi":"10.1159/000381700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reconstruction of maxillofacial bones has proven to be complex due to the aesthetic requirements and functional demands of the jaw. Although autogenous bone grafts and a wide range of biomaterials are routinely used for facial bone reconstruction, these methods are associated with a number of drawbacks, including the limited availability of autogenous grafts and the morbidity associated with bone graft harvesting, whilst biomaterials are also linked with a high failure rate. These limitations have inspired the search for innovative techniques for bone bioengineering and the development of more reliable biomaterials. Tissue engineering approaches yield powerful tools for long-term satisfying results enabling customized reconstruction and the support of natural healing processes. There is no doubt that further advances in tissue engineering are essential to achieve reliable and satisfactory clinical outcomes for patients. This chapter will highlight the clinical application of biomaterials and provide an overview of the current scientific concepts in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"101-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33860275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanobiomaterial Coatings in Dentistry.","authors":"Andy H Choi, Sophie Cazalbou, Besim Ben-Nissan","doi":"10.1159/000381693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the last decade, there has been a major increase in the interest of nanostructured materials in advanced technologies for biomedical and dental clinical applications. Nanostructured materials are associated with a variety of applications within the dental and biomedical field, for example nanoparticles in drug delivery systems and nanostructured scaffolds in tissue engineering. More importantly, nanotechnology has also been linked with the modification of surface properties of synthetic implants in an attempt to improve their bioactivity, reliability and protection from the release of harmful or unnecessary metal ions. This is achieved through the use of nanocoatings and nanocomposite coatings. These new-generation coatings based on inorganic materials and biological materials such as proteins and peptides are currently investigated and applied. This chapter aims to give an overview of the recent advances in nanocoatings and their composites being investigated or used in dentistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"49-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33860271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomaterials in Relation to Dentistry.","authors":"Sanjukta Deb, Simran Chana","doi":"10.1159/000381686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental caries remains a challenge in the improvement of oral health. It is the most common and widespread biofilm-dependent oral disease, resulting in the destruction of tooth structure by the acidic attack from cariogenic bacteria. The tooth is a heavily mineralised tissue, and both enamel and dentine can undergo demineralisation due to trauma or dietary conditions. The adult population worldwide affected by dental caries is enormous and despite significant advances in caries prevention and tooth restoration, treatments continue to pose a substantial burden to healthcare. Biomaterials play a vital role in the restoration of the diseased or damaged tooth structure and, despite providing reasonable outcomes, there are some concerns with clinical performance. Amalgam, the silver grey biomaterial that has been widely used as a restorative material in dentistry, is currently in throes of being phased out, especially with the Minimata convention and treaty being signed by a number of countries (January 2013; http://mercuryconvention.org/Convention/) that aims to control the anthropogenic release of mercury in the environment, which naturally impacts the use of amalgam, where mercury is a component. Thus, the development of alternative restoratives and restoration methods that are inexpensive, can be used under different climatic conditions, withstand storage and allow easy handling, the main prerequisites of dental biomaterials, is important. The potential for using biologically engineered tissue and consequent research to replace damaged tissues has also seen a quantum leap in the last decade. Ongoing research in regenerative treatments in dentistry includes alveolar ridge augmentation, bone tissue engineering and periodontal ligament replacement, and a future aim is bioengineering of the whole tooth. Research towards developing bioengineered teeth is well underway and identification of adult stem cell sources to make this a viable treatment is advancing; however, this topic is not in the scope of this chapter. Whilst research focuses on many different aspects, operative dentistry involves the wide use of restorative biomaterials; thus, the development of smart biomaterials to suit the current climes of minimally invasive dentistry is important. The concept of minimally invasive dentistry primarily promotes preservation of the natural tissue, and, thus, the prevention of disease or the advancement of procedures that allow early detection and interception of its progress with minimal tissue loss are of significance. This chapter presents, in brief, the current state of the art of direct restorative biomaterials and their role and future in the field of dentistry. Modern dental practice is highly reliant on the selection of appropriate materials for optimum function and benefit to the patient. Dentistry, perhaps, has the unique distinction of using the widest variety of materials, ranging from polymers, metals, ceramics, inorganic salts to compos","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33927143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polymer Therapeutics in Relation to Dentistry.","authors":"Luis Rojo, Sanjukta Deb","doi":"10.1159/000381688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The successful clinical application arising from advances in polymer and macromolecular sciences in different fields of medicine has opened new explorative approaches for the future design and development of the ever more sophisticated bio-/nanotechnologies that are needed to realise the full potential of modern dentistry. In this chapter, the most recent polymer therapeutic approaches for alveolar ridge augmentation, bone grafts, periodontal disease, restorative materials and scaffolds or carriers for cell-based therapies are presented highlighting the potential of either synthetic or natural polymers, such as polyesters, polyolefins, polyacrylates or chitosan for example, being tailored and engineered to yield a range of properties valuable in the design and development of dental polymer therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33927144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organic-Inorganic Composites Toward Biomaterial Application.","authors":"Toshiki Miyazaki, Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki, Chikara Ohtsuki","doi":"10.1159/000381691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactive ceramics are known to exhibit specific biological affinities and are able to show direct integration with surrounding bone when implanted in bony defects. However, their inadequate mechanical properties, such as low fracture toughness and high Young's modulus in comparison to natural bone, limit their clinical application. Bone is a kind of organic-inorganic composite where apatite nanocrystals are precipitated onto collagen fibre networks. Thus, one way to address these problems is to mimic the natural composition of bone by using bioactive ceramics via material designs based on organic-inorganic composites. In this chapter, the current research on the development of the various organic-inorganic composites designed for biomaterial applications has been reviewed. Various compounds such as calcium phosphate, calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate can be used for the inorganic phases to design composites with the desired mechanical and biological properties of bone. Not only classical mechanical mixing but also coating of the inorganic phase in aqueous conditions is available for the fabrication of such composites. Organic modifications using various polymers enable the control of the crystalline structure of the calcium carbonate in the composites. These approaches on the fabrication of organic-inorganic composites provide important options for biomedical materials with novel functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"33-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33927146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Advanced Materials for High Performance at the Resin-Dentine Interface.","authors":"Manuel Toledano, Raquel Osorio","doi":"10.1159/000381692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter provides a tool for the integration of new concepts and biomaterials related with the resin-dentine interface. The principles of dentine demineralisation and remineralisation that shape modern restorative dentistry practices, as well as considerations for the selection of new materials for different restorative approaches, are emphasised. Re-incorporation of mineral into the demineralised dentine matrix is important since the mineral precipitated may work as a constant site for further nucleation, and the remineralised subsurface of the tissue may be more resistant to subsequent acid attack. This deposition of minerals may be due to both spontaneous precipitation induced by local supersaturation of Ca and P in the presence of non-specific tissue alkaline phosphatase or through heterogeneous nucleation sites provided by phosphoproteins within the dentine collagen matrix. Nucleation is a multistep process involving both protein and mineral transition and suggests a temporally synchronised process. Dentine provides both structural and chemical frameworks, acting as a scaffold for mineral deposition at specific sites. The ultimate goal in the design and improvement of new materials for high performance at the resin-dentine interface is to render a stronger and durable adhesion to dental tissues despite the severe conditions in the oral environment. In the present chapter, glass ionomers, calcium-phosphate cements and doped dental adhesives have been selected to represent the cutting edge biomaterials at the interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33927147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Titanium Surface Modifications on Dental Implant Osseointegration.","authors":"Marco Annunziata, Luigi Guida","doi":"10.1159/000381694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000381694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of titanium dental implants has consistently changed the way of rehabilitating patients in modern dentistry and can count on high long-term survival and success rates. With respect to its introduction in the late 1960s, clinical indications for implant therapy have been significantly extended and optimal results have been achieved, even in clinical conditions formerly considered as unfavourable. Such evolution owes a lot to the significant progress made in the field of titanium surfaces. The topographical and chemical modification of traditional titanium surfaces has led to a real epochal shift in implant dentistry. Depending on the type and characteristics of the surface treatment applied, a wide range of implants has been produced, which have contributed to the success but also increased the risk of confusion in implant selection criteria for the clinician. This chapter, which provides an updated analysis of the relevant literature, the characteristics of modern implant surfaces, the biological principles underlying their role in promoting osseointegration and the scientific evidence about their clinical use are analyzed and presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":87610,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of oral biology","volume":"17 ","pages":"62-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000381694","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33860272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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