Tanzania health research bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Nutritional status of underfive children in a pastoral community in Simanjiro district, Tanzania.","authors":"C N M Nyaruhucha,&nbsp;P S Mamiro,&nbsp;A J Kerengi,&nbsp;N B Shayo","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study was conducted in Simanjiro district in northern Tanzania to determine the nutritional status of underfive children in a pastoral community. Weight and height measurements were carried out on 250 children and that of mean upper arm circumference (MUAC) on 226 children. The z-scores of weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age indicated that 31.2% of the children were underweight and 6.0% were severely underweight. Wasting was observed in 17.2% children of whom 3.2% were severely wasted. Severely stunted children were 3.2% while 14% were moderately stunted. Measurements of MUAC indicated that 35% and 3.5% of the children were moderately and severely undernourished, respectively. The nutritional status of the children under study was slightly lower than the national average. In conclusion, malnutrition in Simanjiro district is prevalent, and therefore, appropriate multidisciplinary approach on nutrition education, environmental sanitation and hygienic practices at family and community level need to be promoted to reduce childhood illnesses thereby increasing child health and nutritional status.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26323634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria among pregnant women in Abeokuta, Nigeria.","authors":"O A Idowu,&nbsp;C F Mafiana,&nbsp;S Dapo","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pregnant women were enrolled from two hospitals and a Traditional Birth Home (TBH) in Abeokuta, Nigeria and monitored monthly for malaria parasites from the first antenatal visit until delivery. A total of 466 pregnant women were recruited for the study. The prevalence of malaria was 57.4%, and was higher among women in the TBH. The prevalence of malaria in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy were 37.5%, 47.3% and 47.5% respectively. At the time of the first antenatal visit 35.6% of the women were already parasitaemic, with a high frequency observed among primigravids. The prevalence recorded in the ninth month of pregnancy (35.7%) was not statistically different from that recorded at first antenatal visit (P > 0.05). The need to improve the quality of care, malaria prevention and treatment given to pregnant women especially receiving antenatal care outside the hospital is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26324329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of nominal group technique in identifying community health priorities in Moshi rural district, northern Tanzania.","authors":"E A Makundi,&nbsp;R Manongi,&nbsp;A K Mushi,&nbsp;M S Alilio,&nbsp;T G Theander,&nbsp;A M Rønn,&nbsp;I C Bygbjerg","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article highlights issues pertaining to identification of community health priorities in a resource poor setting. Community involvement is discussed by drawing experience of involving lay people in identifying priorities in health care through the use of Nominal Group Technique. The identified health problems are compared using four selected village communities of Moshi district in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. We conducted this study to trace the experience and knowledge of lay people as a supplement to using 'health experts' in priority setting using malaria as a tracer condition. The patients/caregivers, women's group representatives, youth leaders, religious leaders and community leaders/elders constituted the principal subjects. Emphasis was on providing qualitative data, which are of vital consideration in multi-disciplinary oriented studies, and not on quantitative information from larger samples. We found a high level of agreement across groups, that malaria remains the leading health problem in Moshi rural district in Tanzania both in the highland and lowland areas. Our findings also indicate that 'non-medical' issues including lack of water, hunger and poverty heralded priority in the list implying that priorities should not only be focused on diseases, but should also include health services and social cultural issues. Indeed, methods which are easily understood and applied thus able to give results close to those provided by the burden of disease approaches should be adopted. It is the provision of ownership of the derived health priorities to partners including the community that enhances research utilization of the end results. In addition to disease-based methods, the Nominal Group Technique is being proposed as an important research tool for involving the non-experts in priority setting in Tanzania.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26228542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community's willingness to pay for a school-based chemotherapy programme to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in children in rural Tanzania.","authors":"N J S Lwambo,&nbsp;J E Siza,&nbsp;G C Mwenda","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on a random sample of 523 households having at least one child attending primary school in 3 villages in Buchosa Division, Sengerema District, Tanzania. The aim was to determine the community's willingness to pay (WTP) for a school-based chemotherapy programme to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) in schoolchildren and identify socio-economic and cultural factors influencing community's WTP. Results showed that households WTP for a school-based chemotherapy programme varied from Tanzanian Shillings (TShs.) 0-20,000 (US dollars 0-25) per child per year. The community's WTP (median of households WTP) was TSh. 1,000 (US dollars 1.25). The community was also willing to pay extra TSh.100 (US dollars 0.125) per year to cover for the cost of schoolchildren whose parents were unable to pay or who could pay less than the community's WTP. Age of household head and number of schoolchildren in a household had a negative effect on the household's willingness to pay. Households with children in expensive schools had high willingness to pay for the intervention package to control worms in their children. This was also observed in households keeping animals (cattle, goats, sheep, chiken, ducks) and those who cultivated a number of cash crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26227911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malaria vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rate.","authors":"L E G Mboera","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various entomological indicators and sampling techniques are used to monitor and evaluate the impact of many vector control interventions. A number of methods have been used in sampling mosquitoes for the purpose of estimating the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and each is subject to some bias or shortcomings. It was the aim of this paper to critically evaluate the most common mosquito sampling techniques in relation to their reliability in the estimation of EIR. The techniques include man-landing, light trap, light trap/bednet combination and odour-baited traps. Although man-landing technique is the most reliable, it however, expose the catcher to mosquito-borne infections. On the other hand, light traps have been found to capture mosquitoes with higher sporozoite rates as compared to those from human bait catch thus leading to an overestimation of EIR. From an epidemiological point of view, the use of light-trap-bed net combination is an approach that is more meaningful than using light trap alone because, a light trap functions more efficiently when placed near the normal flight paths of mosquitoes such as inside huts or under the eaves. Unfortunately, it has been shown that estimates of EIR are influenced by trap position, hence affecting the number caught and the sporozoite rates. A variety of bednets have been used to sample mosquitoes attracted to man. Studies have shown that bednet traps normally catch fewer mosquitoes than do human baits outside them. Although the collections by indoor resting technique give a good estimate of the mean house density in a given area, they may not necessarily give a good estimate of EIR. Thus the development of improved sampling systems based on an improved understanding of host-oriented behaviour is needed. Moreover, there is need to standardise all the sampling techniques in use to enable us make valid comparisons between various studies done by different people and in different areas. In this article, the inherent limitations of conventional mosquito sampling techniques when used in estimating the EIR are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26228539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burden of diseases in poor resource countries: meeting the challenges of combating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.","authors":"F S Mhalu","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poverty, ill health and ignorance are closely interlinked and each is a determinant of the other. HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis are by far the commonest causes of ill-health and death in the poorest countries of the world which happen to be in the tropics and temperate countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Morbidity and mortality from these three diseases have a major socio-economic impact on individuals, communities and nations, due to the vicious cycle of poverty, ill health and ignorance. In Tanzania morbidity due to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria leads to irrecoverable losses in productivity, inadequately trained workforce due to absence from training by the sick, heavy health care budgets to treat these otherwise preventable diseases, less competitive economy, higher labour force turnovers and unstable national budgets. If not controlled continuing rise in incidence of HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB may threaten the survival of small enterprises and ability to attract foreign investments leading to a rise in unemployment. Thus, investments in the improvement of health including HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB if done well will bring substantial benefits for the national economy including an increase in productivity. In this paper a review of the impact of HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria in Tanzania is done with an attempt to propose how research can contribute to improved efforts towards more effective prevention and control efforts. The need for multidisplinary research efforts in addressing the three disease conditions is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26227916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of a clean delivery kit intervention in preventing cord infection and puerperal sepsis among neonates and their mothers in rural Mwanza Region, Tanzania.","authors":"F Mosha,&nbsp;S Winani,&nbsp;S Wood,&nbsp;J Changalucha,&nbsp;B Ngasalla","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study was carried out in Misungwi and Kwimba Districts, Tanzania to determine the effectiveness of clean delivery kits in preventing cord infection and puerperal sepsis and to provide qualitative information on community acceptability, correct use, and appropriateness of the kits. This study involved pregnant women aged 18-45 years old. In the delivery kit intervention population, the Maternal and Child Health Aide (MCHA) assigned to the health facility provided pregnant mothers with a clean delivery kit on their first antenatal visit. She explained how to use each of the kit components, with the aid of pictorial instructions included in the kit. The pregnant mothers were asked to convey the information to whoever assisted them during delivery. The MCHA also gave them health education based on the principles of the \"six cleans\" recognized by WHO (i.e., clean hands, clean perineum, clean delivery surface, clean cord cutting and tying instruments, clean cutting surface). Women received the clean delivery kit free of charge in accordance with the randomised stepped-wedge design schedule. During the first week following delivery, the Village Health Workers (VHWs) from both the intervention and control groups made two visits to the households of mothers who had delivered. They administered questionnaire about delivery to mother and birth attendant. During the two scheduled postpartum visits, those who were suspected to have puerperal sepsis or cord infection of the baby were referred to the health facility clinician for confirmation. Results indicated that use of clean delivery kit had a positive effect on reducing both cord infection and puerperal sepsis. The use of a clean home delivery kit coupled with an educational intervention about the \"six cleans\" had a significant effect on reducing the incidence of cord infection and puerperal sepsis among women enrolled in the study. In low resource settings where home birth is common and clean delivery supplies are scarce, disposable kits can be made available through health clinics, markets, pharmacies or other channels to help reduce rates of infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26227917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of school health programme on urinary schistosomiasis control in schoolchildren in Kilosa, Tanzania.","authors":"A Mkopi,&nbsp;H Urassa,&nbsp;E Mapunjo,&nbsp;F Mushi,&nbsp;H Mshinda","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26228915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug discovery and developments in developing countries: bottlenecks and way forward.","authors":"V A Nyigo,&nbsp;H M Malebo","doi":"10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious and parasitic diseases continue to threaten the health of million of people throughout the world, with the major burden being in developing countries. Many of the currently available drugs for the treatment of these diseases face setbacks such as insufficient efficacy, increasing loss of effectiveness due to emergence of resistance, high levels of toxicity, inaccessibility and/or high costs. The driving force for drug discovery and development by pharmaceutical firms has been the foreseeable profit from drug sells. Since most infectious diseases prevail in developing countries and the fact that people living in these countries have poor purchasing power, the market for such drugs are unattractive to these firms. Thus, there has been reluctance for the pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of drugs addressing diseases that mainly affect developing countries. Although a lot of research to discover new effective and cheap drugs is in progress in the disease endemic countries, it is not yet possible to fully develop leads and drug candidates from natural products, hence people in these countries continue to rely on traditional medicines. Poor economies and technological capabilities, lack of human resources and good management in these countries are the major constraints to progress in research and development work for new drugs. This paper discusses these major bottlenecks in drug discovery and development and suggests the way forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/thrb.v7i3.14253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26227912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative toxicity effect of bush tea leaves (Hyptis suaveolens) and orange peel (Citrus sinensis) oil extract on larvae of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti.","authors":"A A S Amusan,&nbsp;A B Idowu,&nbsp;F S Arowolo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ethanolic extracts of the orange peel (Citrus sinensis) and bush tea leaves (Hyptis suaveolens) were compared for their toxicity effect on the larvae of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti collected from disused tyres beside College of Natural Sciences building University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Eight graded concentrations, 0.9ppm, 0.8ppm, 0.7ppm, 0.6ppm, 0.5ppm, 0.4ppm, 0.3ppm and 0.2ppm of both plant extracts were tested on the larvae. The mean lethal dose LD10, was 0.15 ppm for C. sinensis, 0.01 for H. suaveolens, while LD50 for C. sinensis was 0.4ppm, H. suaveolens 0.60ppm and LD90 for C. sinensis was 0.9ppm and H. suaveolens was 1.45ppm. LD10 for the control 0.65ppm, LD50 0.9ppm and LD90 2.0 ppm. The extract of C. sinensis peel caused higher mortality rate at concentrations 0.8ppm (95%) and 0.3ppm (90%) of the larvae while the extract of H. suaveolens caused high mortality rate on the larvae at concentrations of 0.9ppm (80%) and 0.3ppm (80%). Significant differences were observed between untreated and treated larvae (exposed to either of the extract) at the various concentrations (P< 0.05).</p>","PeriodicalId":87458,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania health research bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26227915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}