Environmental biosafety research最新文献

{"title":"A review of the environmental safety of the PAT protein.","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/ebr/2012004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2012004","url":null,"abstract":"This document provides a comprehensive review of information and data relevant to the environmental risk assessment of the protein phosphinothricin-N-acetyl transferase (PAT) produced in genetically engineered (GE) plants by genes isolated from Streptomyces viridochromogenes (pat gene) or Streptomyces hygroscopicus (bar gene) and presents a summary statement about the environmental safety of this protein. All sources of information reviewed herein were publicly available and include: dossiers presented to regulatory authorities; decision summaries prepared by regulatory authorities; peer-reviewed literature; and product summaries prepared by product developers. Many GE plants contain the pat gene for use as a selectable marker during development. In those cases, there are one or more additional transgenes contained in the plant and the final product is not necessarily glufosinate tolerant. Although this document will not address these additional genes and phenotypes, their presence should be noted when looking at data on the GE plants that express PAT.","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"10 4","pages":"73-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30751940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the environmental safety of the Cry1Ab protein.","authors":"Morven Mc Lean","doi":"10.1051/ebr:2012003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2012003","url":null,"abstract":"This document provides a comprehensive review of information and data relevant to the environmental risk assessment of Cry1Ab and presents a summary statement about the environmental safety of this protein. All sources of information reviewed herein are publically available and include: dossiers presented to regulatory authorities; decision summaries prepared by regulatory authorities; peer reviewed literature; and product summaries prepared by product developers.","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"10 3","pages":"51-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40190566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the environmental safety of the Cry1Ac protein.","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/ebr:2012002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2012002","url":null,"abstract":"This document provides a comprehensive review of information and data relevant to the environmental risk assessment of Cry1Ac and presents a summary statement about the environmental safety of this protein. All sources of information reviewed herein were publically available and included: dossiers presented to regulatory authorities; decision summaries prepared by regulatory authorities; peer reviewed literature; and product summaries prepared by product developers.","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"10 2","pages":"27-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40189379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the environmental safety of the CP4 EPSPS protein.","authors":"Morven Mc Lean","doi":"10.1051/ebr:2012001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2012001","url":null,"abstract":"This document provides a comprehensive review of information and data relevant to the environmental risk assessment of the protein 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase isolated from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) and presents a summary statement about the environmental safety of this protein. All sources of information reviewed herein were publically available and included: dossiers presented to regulatory authorities; decision summaries prepared by regulatory authorities; peer reviewed literature; and product summaries prepared by product developers.","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"10 1","pages":"5-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40189672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information tools for environmental risk assessment of low level presence - an introduction to the reviews of the environmental safety of proteins used in genetically engineered plants.","authors":"Andrew Roberts","doi":"10.1051/ebr/2012005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2012005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the first regulatory approval of a genetically engineered (GE) plant was issued in 1992, hundreds of additional GE plants, thousands of regulatory decisions and millions of tons of GE grain and seed have been produced. In an increasingly global economy, the grain and seeds move relatively freely across national jurisdictions, but the regulatory decisions and associated data and analyses do not. Combined with the realities of agricultural production, this has led to a legal and regulatory challenge due to the low level presence (LLP) of GE grain or seeds that do not have regulatory approvals in the country of destination. In order to assist regulators in conducting environmental risk assessments related to LLP, reviews of environmental safety data, including associated regulatory analyses and decisions, for proteins commonly introduced in GE plants have been produced.</p>","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40189669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing risk hypotheses and selecting species for assessing non-target impacts of GM trees with novel traits: the case of altered-lignin pine trees.","authors":"Louise A Malone,&nbsp;Jacqui H Todd,&nbsp;Elisabeth P J Burgess,&nbsp;Christian Walter,&nbsp;Armin Wagner,&nbsp;Barbara I P Barratt","doi":"10.1051/ebr/2011109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2011109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A procedure is presented for developing environmental risk hypotheses associated with the deployment of forest trees genetically modified to have altered wood properties and for selecting non-target species to test these hypotheses. Altered-lignin Pinus radiata trees intended for use in New Zealand are used as a hypothetical case study to illustrate our approach. Firstly, environmental management goals (such as wood production, flood control or preservation of biodiversity) were identified and linked to the forest attributes they require. Necessary conditions for each attribute were listed and appropriate assessment endpoints for them developed. For example, biological control of pests may be one condition necessary for a forest to have healthy trees, and the diversity and abundance of natural enemy species in the forest could be an appropriate assessment endpoint for measuring this condition. A conceptual model describing the relationships between an altered-lignin GM pine tree and potentially affected invertebrates and micro-organisms in a plantation forest was used to develop a set of risk hypotheses describing how the GM trees might affect each assessment endpoint. Because purified lignin does not represent the properties it imparts to wood, maximum hazard dose tests with non-target organisms, as are used to inform toxin risk assessment, cannot be conducted. Alternative experiments, based on current knowledge of the responses of organisms to lignin, must be designed. A screening method was adapted and applied to a database of invertebrate species known to inhabit New Zealand pine forests to identify and prioritize non-target invertebrate species that could be used as experimental subjects for examining these hypotheses. The screening model and its application are presented, along with a set of recommendations for pre-release tests with GM pines and potentially affected invertebrates and micro-organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"9 4","pages":"181-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30426166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions from scientific research to the risk assessment of GMOs. Lessons learned from a symposium held in Brussels, Belgium, 21-22 October 2010.","authors":"Katia Pauwels,&nbsp;Didier Breyer,&nbsp;Adinda De Schrijver,&nbsp;Martine Goossens,&nbsp;Philippe Herman","doi":"10.1051/ebr/2011108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2011108","url":null,"abstract":"In many domains, risk assessment is a defined methodology aimed at determining and quantifying risks associated with a specific activity, including the identification and characterization of potential hazards and their probability of occurrence. It relies on the gathering and interpretation of scientific and technical data and must be carried out in a scientifically sound and transparent manner. With regard to the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), risk assessment relies primarily on the results of research and studies aiming at evaluating the potential impacts of GMOs on the environment and/or human health. Given the increasing number of GMOs tested or commercialized worldwide and the development of new types of GMOs, new and up-to-date scientific information generated by basic or applied research in various fields can strengthen the risk assessment and/or provide answers to potential knowledge gaps identified during risk assessment. The gathering of data obtained from scientific research relevant to the risk assessment, as well as the implementation of new research activities resulting from the identification of potential knowledge gaps, would be facilitated by regular exchanges of views between experts involved in risk assessment/evaluation and scientists involved in basic or applied research (from public institutions or companies). As this interaction could be of mutual benefit and could also serve to inform competent authorities and policy-makers, platforms bringing together these communities are considered of relevance.","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"9 3","pages":"113-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29940512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing biosafety risk hypotheses for invertebrates exposed to GM plants using conceptual food webs: a case study with elevated triacylglyceride levels in ryegrass.","authors":"Barbara I P Barratt,&nbsp;Jacqui H Todd,&nbsp;Elisabeth P J Burgess,&nbsp;Louise A Malone","doi":"10.1051/ebr/2011107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2011107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulators are acutely aware of the need for meaningful risk assessments to support decisions on the safety of GM crops to non-target invertebrates in determining their suitability for field release. We describe a process for developing appropriate, testable risk hypotheses for invertebrates in agroecosystems that might be exposed to plants developed by GM and future novel technologies. An existing model (PRONTI) generates a ranked list of invertebrate species for biosafety testing by accessing a database of biological, ecological and food web information about species which occur in cropping environments and their potential interactions with a particular stressor (Eco Invertebase). Our objective in this contribution is to explore and further utilise these resources to assist in the process of problem formulation by identifying potentially significant effects of the stressor on the invertebrate community and the ecosystem services they provide. We propose that for high ranking species, a conceptual food web using information in Eco Invertebase is constructed, and using an accepted regulatory risk analysis framework, the likelihood of risk, and magnitude of impact for each link in the food web is evaluated. Using as filters only those risks evaluated as likely to extremely likely, and the magnitude of an effect being considered as moderate to massive, the most significant potential effects can be identified. A stepwise approach is suggested to develop a sequence of appropriate tests. The GM ryegrass plant used as the \"stressor\" in this study has been modified to increase triacylglyceride levels in foliage by 100% to increase the metabolisable energy content of forage for grazing animals. The high-ranking \"test\" species chosen to illustrate the concept are New Zealand native species Wiseana cervinata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), Persectania aversa (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the self-introduced grey field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Müller).</p>","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"9 3","pages":"163-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30186822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bucket and the searchlight: formulating and testing risk hypotheses about the weediness and invasiveness potential of transgenic crops.","authors":"Alan Raybould","doi":"10.1051/ebr/2011101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2011101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The bucket and the searchlight are metaphors for opposing theories of the growth of scientific knowledge. The bucket theory proposes that knowledge is gained by observing the world without preconceptions, and that knowledge emerges from the accumulation of observations that support a hypothesis. There are many problems with this theory, the most serious of which is that it does not appear to offer a means to distinguish between the many hypotheses that could explain a particular set of observations. The searchlight theory proposes that preconceptions are unavoidable and that knowledge advances through the improvement of our preconceptions - our hypotheses - by continuous criticism and revision. A hypothesis is a searchlight that illuminates observations that test the hypothesis and reveal its flaws, and knowledge thereby increases through the elimination of false hypotheses. Research into the risks posed by the cultivation of transgenic crops often appears to apply the bucket theory; many data are produced, but knowledge of risk is not advanced. Application of the searchlight theory, whereby risk assessments test hypotheses that transgenic crops will not be harmful, seems to offer a better way to characterise risk. The effectiveness of an environmental risk assessment should not be measured by the size of the bucket of observations on a transgenic crop, but by the power of the risk hypothesis searchlights to clarify the risks that may arise from cultivation of that crop. These points are illustrated by examples of hypotheses that could be tested to assess the risks from transgenic crops and their hybrids becoming weeds or invading non-agricultural habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"9 3","pages":"123-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30186817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-fertilization between genetically modified and non-genetically modified maize crops in Uruguay.","authors":"Pablo Galeano,&nbsp;Claudio Martínez Debat,&nbsp;Fabiana Ruibal,&nbsp;Laura Franco Fraguas,&nbsp;Guillermo A Galván","doi":"10.1051/ebr/2011100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr/2011100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) Bt maize (Zea mays L.) events MON810 and Bt11 is permitted in Uruguay. Local regulations specify that 10% of the crop should be a non-GM cultivar as refuge area for biodiversity, and the distance from other non-GM maize crops should be more than 250 m in order to avoid cross-pollination. However, the degree of cross-fertilization between maize crops in Uruguay is unknown. The level of adventitious presence of GM material in non-GM crops is a relevant issue for organic farming, in situ conservation of genetic resources and seed production. In the research reported here, the occurrence and frequency of cross-fertilization between commercial GM and non-GM maize crops in Uruguay was assessed. The methodology comprised field sampling and detection using DAS-ELISA and PCR. Five field-pair cases where GM maize crops were grown near non-GM maize crops were identified. These cases had the potential to cross-fertilize considering the distance between crops and the similarity of the sowing dates. Adventitious presence of GM material in the offspring of non-GM crops was found in three of the five cases. Adventitious presence of event MON810 or Bt11 in non-GM maize, which were distinguished using specific primers, matched the events in the putative sources of transgenic pollen. Percentages of transgenic seedlings in the offspring of the non-GM crops were estimated as 0.56%, 0.83% and 0.13% for three sampling sites with distances of respectively 40, 100 and 330 m from the GM crops. This is a first indication that adventitious presence of transgenes in non-GM maize crops will occur in Uruguay if isolation by distance and/or time is not provided. These findings contribute to the evaluation of the applicability of the \"regulated coexistence policy\" in Uruguay.</p>","PeriodicalId":87177,"journal":{"name":"Environmental biosafety research","volume":"9 3","pages":"147-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30187268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}