Chiropractic & osteopathy最新文献

{"title":"On the reliability and validity of manual muscle testing: a literature review.","authors":"Scott C Cuthbert,&nbsp;George J Goodheart","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-15-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-15-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A body of basic science and clinical research has been generated on the manual muscle test (MMT) since its first peer-reviewed publication in 1915. The aim of this report is to provide an historical overview, literature review, description, synthesis and critique of the reliability and validity of MMT in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Online resources were searched including Pubmed and CINAHL (each from inception to June 2006). The search terms manual muscle testing or manual muscle test were used. Relevant peer-reviewed studies, commentaries, and reviews were selected. The two reviewers assessed data quality independently, with selection standards based on predefined methodologic criteria. Studies of MMT were categorized by research content type: inter- and intraexaminer reliability studies, and construct, content, concurrent and predictive validity studies. Each study was reviewed in terms of its quality and contribution to knowledge regarding MMT, and its findings presented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More than 100 studies related to MMT and the applied kinesiology chiropractic technique (AK) that employs MMT in its methodology were reviewed, including studies on the clinical efficacy of MMT in the diagnosis of patients with symptomatology. With regard to analysis there is evidence for good reliability and validity in the use of MMT for patients with neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction. The observational cohort studies demonstrated good external and internal validity, and the 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were reviewed show that MMT findings were not dependent upon examiner bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The MMT employed by chiropractors, physical therapists, and neurologists was shown to be a clinically useful tool, but its ultimate scientific validation and application requires testing that employs sophisticated research models in the areas of neurophysiology, biomechanics, RCTs, and statistical analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"15 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-15-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26587200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modeling of the socalled Allis test: a field study in orthopedic confusion.","authors":"Robert Cooperstein,&nbsp;Michael Haneline,&nbsp;Morgan Young","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-15-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-15-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chiropractors use a variety of supine and prone leg checking procedures. Some, including the Allis test, purport to distinguish anatomic from functional leg length inequality. Although the reliability and to a lesser extent the validity of some leg checking procedures has been assessed, little is known on the Allis test. The present study mathematically models the test under a variety of hypothetical clinical conditions. In our search for historical and clinical information on the Allis test, nomenclatural and procedural issues became apparent.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The test is performed with the subject carefully positioned in the supine position, with the head, pelvis, and feet centered on the table. After an assessment for anatomic leg length inequality, the knees are flexed to approximately 90 degrees . The examiner then sights the short leg side knee sequentially from both the foot and side of the table, noting its relative locations: both its height from the table and Y axis position. The traditional interpretation of the Allis test is that a low knee identifies a short tibia and a cephalad knee a short femur. Assuming arbitrary lengths and a tibio/femoral ratio of 1/1.26, and a hip to foot distance that placed the knee near 90 degrees , we trigonometrically calculated changes in the location of the right knee that would result from hypothetical reductions in tibial and femoral length. We also modeled changes in the tibio/femoral ratio that did not change overall leg length, and also a change in hip location.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The knee altitude diminishes with either femoral or tibial length reduction. The knee shifts cephalad when the femoral length is reduced, and caudally when the tibial length is reduced. Changes in the femur/tibia ratio also influence knee position, as does cephalad shifting of the hip.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The original Allis (aka Galeazzi) test was developed to identify gross hip deformity in pediatric patients. The extension of this test to adults suspected of having anatomical leg length inequality is problematic, and needs refinement at the least. Our modeling questions whether this test can accurately identify aLLI, let alone distinguish a short tibia from a short femur.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"15 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-15-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26503854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chiropractic and CAM utilization: a descriptive review.","authors":"Dana J Lawrence,&nbsp;William C Meeker","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-15-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1746-1340-15-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a descriptive review of the scientific literature examining use rates of modalities and procedures used by CAM clinicians to manage chronic LBP and other conditions</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>A literature of PubMed and MANTIS was performed using the key terms Chiropractic; Low Back Pain; Utilization Rate; Use Rate; Complementary and Alternative Medicine; and Health Services in various combinations.</p><p><strong>Data selection: </strong>A total of 137 papers were selected, based upon including information about chiropractic utilization, CAM utilization and low back pain and other conditions.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>Information was extracted from each paper addressing use of chiropractic and CAM, and is summarized in tabular form.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thematic analysis of the paper topics indicated that there were 5 functional areas covered by the literature: back pain papers, general chiropractic papers, insurance-related papers, general CAM-related papers; and worker's compensation papers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Studies looking at chiropractic utilization demonstrate that the rates vary, but generally fall into a range from around 6% to 12% of the population, most of whom seek chiropractic care for low back pain and not for organic disease or visceral dysfunction. CAM is itself used by people suffering from a variety of conditions, though it is often used not as a primary intervention, but rather as an additional form of care. CAM and chiropractic often offer lower costs for comparable results compared to conventional medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"15 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-15-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26503851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postural development in school children: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Danik Lafond,&nbsp;Martin Descarreaux,&nbsp;Martin C Normand,&nbsp;Deed E Harrison","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-15-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-15-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little information on quantitative sagittal plane postural alignment and evolution in children exists. The objectives of this study are to document the evolution of upright, static, sagittal posture in children and to identify possible critical phases of postural evolution (maturation).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1084 children (aged 4-12 years) received a sagittal postural evaluation with the Biotonix postural analysis system. Data were retrieved from the Biotonix internet database. Children were stratified and analyzed by years of age with n = 36 in the youngest age group (4 years) and n = 184 in the oldest age group (12 years). Children were analyzed in the neutral upright posture. Variables measured were sagittal translation distances in millimeters of: the knee relative to the tarsal joint, pelvis relative to the tarsal joint, shoulder relative to the tarsal joint, and head relative to the tarsal joint. A two-way factorial ANOVA was used to test for age and gender effects on posture, while polynomial trend analyses were used to test for increased postural displacements with years of age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two-way ANOVA yielded a significant main effect of age for all 4 sagittal postural variables and gender for all variables except head translation. No age x gender interaction was found. Polynomial trend analyses showed a significant linear association between child age and all four postural variables: anterior head translation (p < 0.001), anterior shoulder translation (p < 0.001), anterior pelvic translation (p < 0.001), anterior knee translation (p < 0.001). Between the ages of 11 and 12 years, for anterior knee translation, T-test post hoc analysis revealed only one significant rough break in the continuity of the age related trend.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A significant linear trend for increasing sagittal plane postural translations of the head, thorax, pelvis, and knee was found as children age from 4 years to 12 years. These postural translations provide preliminary normative data for the alignment of a child's sagittal plane posture.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"15 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-15-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26473541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do chiropractic college faculty understand informed consent: a pilot study.","authors":"Dana J Lawrence,&nbsp;Maria A Hondras","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-14-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-14-27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of this study was to survey full-time faculty at a single chiropractic college concerning their knowledge of Institutional Review Board (IRB) policies in their institution as they pertain to educational research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All full-time faculty were invited to participate in an anonymous survey. Four scenarios involving educational research were described and respondents were asked to select from three possible courses of action for each. In addition, respondents were queried about their knowledge of IRB policies, how they learned of these policies and about their years of service and departmental assignments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The response rate was 55%. In no scenario did the level of correct answers by all respondents score higher than 41% and in most, the scores were closer to just under 1 in 3. Sixty-five percent of respondents indicated they were unsure whether Palmer had any policies in place at all, while 4% felt that no such policies were in place. Just over one-quarter (27%) were correct in noting that students can decline consent, while more than half (54%) did not know whether there were any procedures governing student consent.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Palmer faculty have only modest understanding about institutional policies regarding the IRB and human subject research, especially pertaining to educational research. The institution needs to develop methods to provide knowledge and training to faculty. The results from this pilot study will be instrumental in developing better protocols for a study designed to survey the entire chiropractic academic community.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"14 ","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-14-27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26456946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of spinal orthopaedic tests: a systematic review.","authors":"Rob Simpson,&nbsp;Hugh Gemmell","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-14-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-14-26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of this systematic review was to critically appraise the literature on the accuracy of orthopaedic tests for the spine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multiple orthopaedic texts were reviewed to produce a comprehensive list of spine orthopaedic test names and synonyms. A search was conducted in MEDLINE, MANTIS, CINAHL, AMED and the Cochrane Library for relevant articles from inception up to December 2005. The studies were evaluated using the tool for quality assessment for diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-one papers met the inclusion criteria. The QUADAS scores ranged from 4 to 12 of a possible 14. Twenty-nine percent of the studies achieved a score of 10 or more. The papers covered a wide range of tests for spine conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a lack of quantity and quality of orthopaedic tests for the spine found in the literature. There is a lack of high quality research regarding the accuracy of spinal orthopaedic tests. Due to this lack of evidence it is suggested that over-reliance on single orthopaedic tests is not appropriate.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"14 ","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-14-26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26340489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The organisation of the stress response, and its relevance to chiropractors: a commentary.","authors":"Katie Hardy,&nbsp;Henry Pollard","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-14-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-14-25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stress response is a natural reaction by the body, against potentially harmful stimuli to enhance the chance for survival. Persistent activation of the stress response can cause changes to homeostatic mechanisms. The study of stress neurophysiology, in the evaluation of the manifestation of disease in the body, suggests that these chronic changes have detrimental effects on sub cortical structures. Furthermore, there is much scientific support for the notion that chronic activation of supraspinal systems will lead to maladaptation of homeostatic mechanisms, causing the impairment of processes within the body, and ultimately leading to visceral disorders. The chiropractic profession for many years has alluded to chronic change of neurophysiological pathways as a potential explanation of visceral disorders, but the profession has typically described these in terms of somatovisceral or viscerosomatic reflex activity. Change in supraspinal neurophysiological efferent activity is increasingly being used to explain \"stress\" related disease. The chiropractic profession should consider investigating such stress responses by conducting spinal manipulative therapy trials that evaluate supraspinal effects of manipulation. Such research may help elucidate key mechanisms associated with the change of visceral disorders noted by some chiropractors following manipulative therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"14 ","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-14-25","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26311841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Council on Chiropractic Education's new wellness standard: a call to action for the chiropractic profession.","authors":"Marion W Evans,&nbsp;Ronald Rupert","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-14-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-14-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The chiropractic profession has long considered itself to be a preventive science. Recently the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) has defined a set of standards that must be implemented at all US chiropractic colleges as of January of 2007. These are specific to wellness measures and health promoting efforts that should be performed by chiropractors. This will mandate traditional health promotion and prevention methods be taught to students at accredited colleges and to practicing chiropractors.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To present the idea of performing traditional health promotion and wellness-concepts in chiropractic practice as a call to action for clinicians and generate discussion on the topic.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This manuscript discusses relevant topics of health promotion and prevention for chiropractors and other practicing clinicians that should be made priorities with patients in order to enhance both patient health and community and population health.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All practicing chiropractors, as well as other clinicians should take these new standards from the CCE as a call to action to begin helping patients address the removable causes of morbidity, disability and premature mortality where they exist, in addition to treating their painful spinal conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"14 ","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-14-23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26306370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report of right hamate hook fracture in a patient with previous fracture history of left hamate hook: is it hamate bipartite?","authors":"Marion W Evans,&nbsp;Micheal L Gilbert,&nbsp;Sandra Norton","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-14-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-14-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hamate hook fracture is a common fracture in golfers and others who play sports that involve rackets or sticks such as tennis or hockey. This patient had a previous hamate fracture in the opposing wrist along with potential features of hamate bipartite.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 19 year old male presented with a complaint of right wrist pain on the ulnar side of the wrist with no apparent mechanism of injury. The pain came on gradually one week before being seen in the office and he reported no prior care for the complaint. His history includes traumatic left hamate hook fracture with surgical excision.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The patient was found to have marked tenderness over the hamate and with a prior fracture to the other wrist, computed tomography of the wrist was ordered revealing a fracture to the hamate hook in the right wrist. He was referred for surgical evaluation and the hook of the hamate was excised. Post-surgically, the patient was able to return to normal activity within eight weeks. This case is indicative of fracture rather than hamate bipartite. This fracture should be considered in a case of ulnar sided wrist pain where marked tenderness is noted over the hamate, especially after participation in club or racket sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"14 ","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1746-1340-14-22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26306421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An educational campaign to increase chiropractic intern advising roles on patient smoking cessation.","authors":"Marion W Evans, Cheryl Hawk, Sheryl M Strasser","doi":"10.1186/1746-1340-14-24","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1746-1340-14-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tobacco use, particularly smoking, is the most preventable cause of death in the United States. More than 400,000 premature deaths are associated with its use and the health care costs are in the billions. All health care provider groups should be concerned with patients who continue to smoke and use tobacco. The US Preventive Services Taskforce and Health People 2010 guidelines encourage providers to counsel smokers on cessation. Current studies, though limited regarding chiropractic advising practices indicate a low engagement rate when it comes to providing cessation information.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To test a campaign regarding initial impact aimed at increasing chiropractic interns advising on cessation and delivery of information to smokers on cessation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Chiropractic interns do engage patients on smoking status and can be encouraged to provide more cessation messages and information to patients. The initial impact assessment of this campaign increased the provision of information to patients by about 25%. The prevalence of smoking among chiropractic patients, particularly at teaching clinics may be lower than the national averages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chiropractic interns can and should be encouraged to advise smokers about cessation. A systematic method of intake information on smoking status is needed and a standardized education protocol for chiropractic colleges is needed. Chiropractic colleges should assess the adequacy of their advising roles and implement changes to increase cessation messages to their patients as soon as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":87173,"journal":{"name":"Chiropractic & osteopathy","volume":"14 ","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26306372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}