ASME Open Journal of Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Exploring a Variant of PTC 4-2013 for Real-Time Performance Monitoring of Fossil Fuel Power Plants","authors":"Joseph M. Staller, R. Craven, S. Idem, S. Munukutla, Keith Kirkpatrick, D. Benton, Susan Eisenstadt, Karsten Kopperstad, Seth Leedy, J. McHale, A. Licata, Dan Andrei","doi":"10.1115/1.4055467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055467","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes a real-time performance-monitoring method based on PTC 4-2013 that was developed for determining and reporting the annual heat rate for fossil fuel power plants. Unlike for the PTC 4 test, the coal composition is typically not known in real-time, so the procedure uses a modified output-loss approach applied to a control volume that closely conforms to the boiler. A calibration approach utilizes an ultimate analysis to describe the coal being burned during the calibration, while holding the plant load and other factors steady. This permits the calculation of correction factors used during real-time performance monitoring. Based on several assumptions that are justified within, a real-time estimate of coal composition is obtained. The losses are calculated in a similar manner to PTC 4-2013. However, the losses are expressed on a per-pound of as-fired coal basis, as opposed to a percentage of higher heating value of the coal, which is not known in real-time.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73806553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma-Synthesized Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles With Tunable Visible Light Absorption and Photocatalytic Activity","authors":"Chad A. Beaudette, Qiaomiao Tu, Mohammad Ali Eslamisaray, U. Kortshagen","doi":"10.1115/1.4053338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4053338","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Titanium dioxide in its pure wide bandgap “white” form is a non-toxic, efficient, and practical photocatalyst, but predominately absorbs light in the ultraviolet range of the spectrum. The absorption range, however, can be extended into the visible by doping with oxygen vacancies or impurities, such as nitrogen, giving the material a black or brown appearance. To date, nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide has primarily been produced with approaches that require long processing times or multi-step synthesis protocols. Here, we present a fast (timescale of tens of milliseconds) all-gas-phase process, which enables the seamless tuning of the optical properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from white to brown. Titanium dioxide particles were synthesized through injection of tetrakis (dimethylamido)titanium (TDMAT), argon, and oxygen into a nonthermal plasma. The positions of the electrode and oxygen inlet relative to the precursor inlet are found to strongly influence particle properties. Variation of these parameters allowed for control over the produced particle optical properties from large bandgap (white) to small bandgap (brown). In addition, the particle microstructure can be tuned from amorphous to crystalline anatase phase titanium dioxide. The photocatalytic performance was tested under solar irradiation and amorphous particles exhibit the highest degree of photocatalytic decomposition of the dyes methyl orange and methylene blue.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80463314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexagonal Twist Origami Pattern for Deployable Space Arrays","authors":"Collin Ynchausti, Clark Roubicek, Joseph Erickson, Brandon Sargent, S. Magleby, L. Howell","doi":"10.1115/1.4055357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055357","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The hexagonal twist origami pattern has characteristics that made it a candidate for next-generation deployable space arrays. It has a deployed area that is up to 3.3 times larger than the stowed area, has a single-degree-of-freedom which simplifies actuation, it is flat-foldable making flat positions possible in both stowed and deployed positions, and its rigid foldability means that its motion is enabled by rotation about distinct axes without deformation of its panels. Although the pattern shows promise for deployable systems, it cannot be directly applied with thick materials because of the self-intersection of nesting panels. This paper presents the kinematics and mechanical advantages of the hexagonal twist pattern, addresses the self-intersection problem by implementing five different thickness accommodation techniques and provides metrics for comparing thickness accommodation techniques to determine which would be best suited for a given application. The concepts are demonstrated through two applications: a deployable reflectarray antenna and a LiDAR telescope.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80728029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Thermodynamic Performances in Three Geothermal Power Plants Using Flash Steam","authors":"Aida Farsi, M. Rosen","doi":"10.1115/1.4054038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4054038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Three geothermal systems, including single-flash, double-flash, and double-flash connected turbine flash geothermal power plants, are compared in terms of electrical power production and exergy efficiency. In the double-flash connected turbine (double-T) geothermal electrical power production systems, the outlet stream from the first steam turbine is recovered in the mixing chamber and combined with the vapor product of the second separator. The thermodynamic model for the single-flash, double-flash, and double-T geothermal systems is developed using energy and exergy balances for each component of the systems. From the thermodynamic model, the optimum flash chambers pressures, at which the electrical power production is a maximum, can be determined. It is found that, for an input geothermal source temperature of 230 °C and an input geothermal water mass flowrate of 230 kg/s, the optimum pressures for the first flash chamber are 300 kPa, 350 kPa, and 350 kPa for the single-flash, double-flash, and double-T geothermal systems, respectively. The electrical power produced in these systems at their corresponding optimum flashing pressures, respectively, are 16,000 kW, 19,500 kW, and 20,600 kW. Also, for the single-flash, double-flash, and double-T geothermal systems, the exergy efficiency at the optimum flash chamber pressures are found to be 44.2%, 47.1%, and 48.5%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79993076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fourth-Generation District Heating and Motivation Tariffs","authors":"H. Lund, J. E. Thorsen, Steen Schelle Jensen, F. P. Madsen","doi":"10.1115/1.4053420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4053420","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Future district heating systems and technologies—also known as fourth-generation district heating—have a potentially important role to play in the green transition of societies. The implementation of fourth-generation district heating involves adjustments in the demand side to allow for low temperature supply. In order to facilitate such changes, district heating supply companies have in recent years introduced tariffs with penalties for high return temperatures and benefits for low return temperatures. This paper describes the case of a housing community of 17 buildings in their attempts to adjust to such tariffs as an integrated part of connecting to district heating. Replacing domestic hot water tanks with instantaneous heat exchangers and introducing smart meters resulted in abilities to lower the return temperature from around 40 °C to around 30 °C. However, the current design of the motivation tariffs does not yet fully compensate the consumers because the supply company provides unnecessarily high supply temperatures. Based on such efforts, this paper discusses the fairness and effectiveness of the tariffs and provides recommendations for improving them.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80257074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear Power Coupled With Thermal Energy Storage: Impact of Technical Performance on Economics in an Exemplary Electricity Grid","authors":"Fletcher Carlson, J. Davidson","doi":"10.1115/1.4053419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4053419","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thermal energy storage (TES) coupled with nuclear energy could be a transformative contribution to address the mismatch in energy production and demand that occur with the expanding use of solar and wind energy. TES can generate new revenue for the nuclear plant and help decarbonize the electricity grid. Prior work by the authors identified two technical approaches to interface TES with nuclear. One, termed the primary cycle TES, charges and discharges the TES within the main Rankine power cycle. The second, termed the secondary cycle TES or SCTES, discharges the TES to a secondary power cycle. The present work analyzes the potential economic benefits of TES in an arbitrage market for a 1050 MWe nuclear plant. The study is the first to provide a realistic quantification of the impacts of changes in capacity factor due to use of TES on revenue and internal rate of return (IRR). The analysis is for a three-year period for peaking powers from 120% to 150% of the conventional nuclear plant for an exemplary deregulated utility represented by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). The SCTES consistently provides the highest revenue and IRR. The benefits increase with increasing use of TES and variability of electricity prices. The results provide a technically sound understanding of the effects of how TES is integrated with nuclear power on economics and strong economic support for pursuing design and implementation of the SCTES.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82923101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Real-Time Output–Loss Method for Monitoring Heat Rate for Coal-Fired Power Plants","authors":"Joseph M. Staller, R. Craven, S. Idem, S. Munukutla, Keith Kirkpatrick, D. Benton, Susan Eisenstadt, Karsten Kopperstad, Seth Leedy, J. McHale, A. Licata, Dan Andrei","doi":"10.1115/1.4055627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055627","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes a real-time performance monitoring method based on PTC 4-2013 for determining instantaneous heat rates for coal-fired power plants. The calculation protocol uses a modified output–loss approach applied to a control volume that closely conforms to the boiler. The largest energy balance term is the heat transfer rate to the steam, which is known accurately in real-time when the plant employs properly calibrated instrumentation. The first-law energy balance also requires a balanced combustion equation which depends on coal composition, which is not known in real-time. A periodic or alert-driven calibration utilizes an ultimate analysis of a carefully collected coal sample and historic plant data obtained during the collection time of the coal sample. This is used to calculate correction factors for the coal mass flowrate, air preheater leakage, and CO2 and SO2 concentrations at the economizer exit derived from continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) measurements performed at that location. The iterative calculations required to determine the coal composition in real-time are presented. The real-time performance algorithm exhibited significant sensitivity associated with measurements of the steam heat transfer rate, which was the dominant term in the overall boiler energy balance. Other input parameters generally yielded a much lower influence on calculated heat rate. It was concluded that for optimal accuracy of the output–loss method the steam and coal mass flowrates must be measured as accurately as possible.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85149502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Aerial Application of Dispersant Onto an Oil Spill","authors":"M. Teske, G. Whitehouse","doi":"10.1115/1.4055984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055984","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The release of dispersant from an aircraft onto an oil spill is simulated using the AGDISPpro computer model, to develop a better understanding of how aircraft type, spray systems, and meteorological conditions affect the prediction of surface deposition. This model, originally developed for predicting the aerial release of pesticides for agricultural spray applications, is ideally suited to simulate the effects of aircraft type and flight condition/configuration, spray system arrangement, wind speed and direction, temperature and relative humidity (evaporation), release height, and spray application rate when spraying an oil spill. Predictions of droplet trajectories from the aircraft to the surface, drop size distributions at the release height, and deposition profiles are compared to two historical datasets for the Lockheed C-130, from field studies conducted in 1982 and 1993. This article shows that model accuracy improves from R2 = 0.411 to 0.827 with the earlier data, to R2 = 0.885 to 0.968 with the later data, most probably because of a better understanding of nozzle locations in the 1993 data. Model accuracy also appears improved when the aircraft flies in an in-wind direction, a configuration strongly recommended in the available literature.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80558854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Lack of Knowledge Acquisition Can Impair Nuclear Power Plant Safety","authors":"Samuel Miranda, Ralph Caruso","doi":"10.1115/1.4053988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4053988","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A lack of knowledge acquisition (LOKA), among engineering staff members in supply firms (e.g., vendors), owner/operator utilities (e.g., licensees), and in regulatory agencies (e.g., the NRC), can impair nuclear power plant (NPP) safety in ways that can persist throughout the operating lifetime of an NPP. A LOKA occurs when experienced technical reviewers fail to pass enough information, or technology, to less-experienced technical reviewers. The existence of a LOKA, among technical reviewers, can lead to errors and omissions that can result in misleading or incomplete licensing bases. Eight examples of errors and omissions are presented, each of which is evaluated in the context of physical phenomena, logic, licensing strategy, and effects upon regulation. These errors and omissions could be attributed to several causes, one of which could be a LOKA. Reliable attribution to a LOKA or its causes is not directly addressed, since attention is focused principally upon the safety implications of errors and omissions that may possibly, but not exclusively, be due to a LOKA. The epistemology of a LOKA, which may consider training or human relations, is generally addressed in other studies, which apply to issues that affect more than the nuclear power industry. If those who design, analyze, license, operate, and regulate NPPs do not adequately understand and apply proven engineering principles, standards, and established regulations, critical thinking, and sound logical reasoning, then it could be said that a LOKA exists. A LOKA could hamper the development of defensible conclusions in safety analyses, viable licensing strategies, and fair regulatory judgments. Eight examples of errors and omissions are presented, each of which leads to a conclusion that seems to conflict with an industry standard, a federal regulation, an engineering principle or physical phenomenon, or just plain logic. The examples are generally evaluated in accordance with the requirements of a well-known, oft-cited nuclear industry standard, which is now almost half a century old. This standard was published in 1973 by the American Nuclear Society (ANS) (1973, Nuclear Safety Criteria for the Design of Stationary Pressurized Water Reactor Plants, La Grange Park, IL, ANS-N18.2-1973). It expresses the fundamental principle of nuclear safety and licensing, which is applied by vendors, licensees, and regulators alike. This Standard defines nuclear safety criteria and plant design requirements for plant operating situations or events according to their expected frequencies of occurrence. Those events that have high frequencies of occurrence must not pose a danger to the public. Events that could pose the greatest danger to the public must be limited, by design, to extremely low expected frequencies of occurrence. This concept is implemented by grouping postulated plant situations (or events) into categories that are defined according to their expected frequencies of occurrence. License","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91343186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Amplitude Free and Forced Vibrations of Functionally Graded Timoshenko Beams Using Coupled Displacement Field Method","authors":"P. Sathujoda, Bharath Obalareddy, K. Meera Saheb","doi":"10.1115/1.4055080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055080","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The large amplitude vibrations of functionally graded (FG) beams consisting of metal rich layers at the bottom, ceramic rich layers at the top, and a concentrated mass at the mid-span have been studied using coupled displacement field method. Unlike traditional methods, the coupled displacement field method reduces the 2n undetermined coefficients problem, one each for total rotation and transverse displacement distribution of the beam at n modes, to n undetermined coefficients using a coupling equation obtained from the minimization of potential energy principle. A suitable admissible function having single undetermined coefficient has been assumed for total rotation distribution and the corresponding transverse displacement distribution of the beam has been obtained at each mode for hinged-hinged and clamped-clamped FG beams. The equations of motion for large amplitude vibrations of FG beams at each mode in terms of the undetermined coefficients are derived from the conservation of total energy principle. The free vibration problem is solved using harmonic balance method whereas the forced vibration problem is solved using the Newmark-β method to obtain the time response of the undetermined coefficients and the dynamic response of the beam has been computed from the modal superposition method. The proposed coupled displacement field approach has been successfully applied for the first time to study the large amplitude vibrations of FG beams with suitable validations, and the influence of power law index, slenderness ratio, harmonic load, and concentrated mass has been investigated.","PeriodicalId":8652,"journal":{"name":"ASME Open Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74209870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}