{"title":"Cardiac Dye Injector Synchronizer","authors":"L. Pengelly","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322871","url":null,"abstract":"In radiographic diagnosis of heart disease, it is necessary to synchronize accurately the injection of radio-opaque dye into the circulation with the diastolic portion of the cardiac cycle. Because of the high-energy electrostatic and electromagnetic fields associated with radiographic apparatus, it was decided to make a photosensitive transducer to be clamped on the ear lobe to give an electric signal proportional to the blood flow through the ear. This signal is electronically shaped and amplified, and used to trigger a variable delay timing circuit which then operates the injector.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"113-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322871","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62991813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Normal Fetal Electrocardiogram, with a Pro-Posed System of Standardized Terminology","authors":"S. Larks, R. Abdul-karim","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322876","url":null,"abstract":"A system of standard electrode and patient positions for fetal electrocardiography as suggested by an international ad hoc committee, is presented. The variation in the accuracy of the fetal ECG technique during gestation is shown and discussed. Existence of two peaks of high accuracy, at 22 weeks and at term, is shown. Normal values for the duration of the fetal QRS are shown to increase from 0.026 second at 20 weeks to 0.040 second at tern. Normal values and ranges for fetal heart rates and the amplitudes of the fetal QRS are reported.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"136-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some Techniques in Polarography","authors":"L. Katz, E. Gagnon","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322872","url":null,"abstract":"The basic polarographic circuit and its accuracy is discussed. A bridge-type current amplifier, using one transistor, is presented as one solution to the problem of displaying the very small current flow in a polarographic circuit. A second solution, the insertion of a pH-millivoltmeter directly into the basic control circuit, is evaluated from the medical worker's viewpoint. Techniques and circuits employing four different types of pH-millivoltmeters are described. The direct application of a polarographic cell for continuous measurement of the oxygen partial pressure in the blood of a heartlung machine is presented.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"117-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62991872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Theoretical Basis for Determining Heart-Lead Relationships of the Equivalent Cardiac Multipole","authors":"D. Brody, J. Bradshaw, John W. Evans","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322877","url":null,"abstract":"During the past few years, it has been proposed that the electrical behavior of the heart be represented more precisely by the addition of multipolar current singularities to the equivalent cardiac dipole. In this report, we have explored the factors which determine the relationship of each such multipolar component to the various electrocardiographic lead connections. Specifically, we have been able to amplify and generalize the concept of the ideal electrocardiographic lead field by showing that the electrocardiographic contribution of a given multipole component is related solely to the lead-field component of identical degree and order. Thus, the McFee-Johnston proposal for resolving lead fields is reintroduced, and the heart-lead property of each component is particularized. Finally, some brief, speculative remarks are made concerning possible biomedical applications of the generalized lead-field concept.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"139-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Transmission of Red and Infrared Light through the Human Ear","authors":"N. M. Anderson, P. Sekelj, M. Mcgregor","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322875","url":null,"abstract":"A study was performed of the light transmission characteristics of the compressed \"bloodless\" ear in 70 subjects of white, Indian and Negro stock. It was found that in white children and adults of both sexes, the ratio of light transmission of the red filtered photocells to that transmitted to the infrared photocell was virtually constant when the ear was rendered bloodless by compression. The error introduced by assuming this ratio to be constant was no greater than the errors involved in making the measurement. If the assumption were made that this ratio was the same in Indian and Negro subjects as it is in white subjects, the estimation of the ratio would be in error in the average Indian subject by approximately -3.38 per cent and in the average Negro subject by -4.73 per cent.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"134-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Random selection system for automatic biochemical analysis-partial functional analysis","authors":"R. Jonnard","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322867","url":null,"abstract":"Interconvertibility of certain engineering units and time-motion studies leads to simplifications in simulating the chemist's performance. The system described utilizes a carrier stream into which samples and reagents are injected at controlled intervals. Reactions proceed in transit. Normalization results in replacing volume measurements by time, durations by distances and concentrations by rates of mass flow. Thus, all variables are controllable by means of timers. The system incorporates a plurality of special plug-in units (pumps, mixers, sampler). Each operating module includes a multicam timer programer. The modules may be arranged in series-parallel arrays. The system is pulse-operated from a random-access keyboard, so that a time-sharing programing method is possible. Setting of the measuring devices (colorimeter, pH-meter, etc.) for sensitivity, scale span and wave length is automatic. A unique amplifier is utilized. Data logging is conventional. Performance analysis by application of the Sampling Theorem is useful in optimizing the operations. Examples dealing with urine color, albumin, glucose and nonglucose reducers by the peroxidase method, blood RBC and hemoglobin are described.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"38 1","pages":"83-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62991969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Continuous Automatic Colorimetry in Medical Research","authors":"J. M. Kelly","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322868","url":null,"abstract":"A recent development of interest in analytical instrumentation provides a system for the continuous automatic determination of a wide variety of biochemically important compounds by colorimetry. The system is controlled by a multichannel, peristaltic proportioning pump which accurately delivers fixed volume ratios of samples and reagents to other components. Purification or separation of the constituent to be analyzed is effected by continuous dialysis and, after appropriate chemical treatment, optical density is measured in a ratio-recording dual beam colorimeter fitted with a flow curette. The system can analyze different samples on a continuous basis or monitor changes in a continuous sample stream. Operations require a minimum of technical attendance. The system has application in many areas of medical research: routine determination of classical clinical constituents for diagnosis and treatment; study of chemical pharmacology in vivo and in vitro; biochemical aspects of proteins, amino acids, and enzymes; organ and tissue perusal studies in physiology; microbial metabolism and assay; screening of experimental pharmacodynamic agents. The design and operation of the instrument system will be treated in general terms and the application and results in the aforementioned fields of research will be discussed. Economies in time and financial expenditure will be summarily noted.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"98-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62991515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Amplitude Distribution Analyzer for Studying Brain Waves","authors":"Fred L. Alexander","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322878","url":null,"abstract":"An amplitude-distribution analyzer which estimates the probability-density and probability-distribution functions of brain wave forms is described. The circuit uses high-gain dc operational amplifiers as its basic component and is simple in design. The theoretical probability-density and probability-distribution functions for a sine wave, a triangle wave and a random signal are discussed and compared with the experimental results of the analyzer.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"110 1","pages":"144-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322878","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimation of Cardiac Output in Man Using an Ear Oximeter and Coomassie Blue Dye","authors":"P. Sekelj, M. Mcgregor","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322874","url":null,"abstract":"A method of measuring cardiac output from dyedilution curves recorded by an ear oximeter is described. No sampling of blood is necessary to make the dye-dilution curves quantitative. The inaccuracies inherent in the \"end-tail\" method of calibration are thus avoided and the technical procedure greatly simplified. Theoretical considerations, circuitry and calibration procedures are discussed. Forty-one cardiac output estimations were made in 15 subjects. Coomassie blue was used as indicator. Comparison was made between the results obtained by the technique under study and by the end-tail venous method. Seven results had to be excluded from the comparison due to manifest inaccuracy of the reference method, which is inherently inaccurate. In spite of this, there was reasonably good agreement. The standard deviation of the differences between simultaneous values by both methods was 14.3 per cent. Fifty-two dye-dilution curves were recorded in seventeen white subjects at rest and during steady-state exercise at loads up to 600 kilogram-meters per minute. Comparison was made between the cardiac output estimates obtained by the technique described and by the \"arterial end-tail\" method. The standard deviation of the differences between the simultaneous values from the two methods was 14.2 per cent.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322874","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement of the Dielectric Properties of Blood","authors":"A. G. Mungall, D. Morris, W. Martin","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322869","url":null,"abstract":"A capacitance-resistance bridge for the measurement of the dielectric properties of human blood at 100 kc is described. The use of inductively coupled ratio arms in the bridge greatly reduces the effect of stray impedances to ground. This allows the glass measuring cell to be mounted in a transparent plastic thermostatting box, without metallic shielding. Thus, the physical condition of the blood can be observed throughout the period of coagulation. Observed changes in the capacitance and resistance of blood sample during coagulation are briefly outlined, particularly the effects observed when the blood samples are taken from donors who are known to have abnormal blood states.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"109-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322869","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62991574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}