Athletic Therapy Today最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics of energy and protein nutritional value of roughage in the Republic of Tatarstan","authors":"E. Krupin, S. Shakirov, M. Tagirov, A. Khairullina, Adel A. Askarova, N. Kazeeva, A. Sabirzyanova","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-3-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-3-9","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to analyze the dynamics of the energy and protein nutritional value of hay from cereal and leguminous herbs produced in the Republic of Tatarstan in the period from 1993 to 2018. The results of analysis of 560 samples of hay from different agroclimatic zones of the republic are presented. It was found that in the dry matter of both cereal and leguminous hay, the content of metabolizable energy practically did not change. The average content of metabolic energy in 1 kg of dry matter of cereal hay was 7.92 MJ / kg. The average deviation from the norm was minus 2.62%. The average content of metabolizable energy in 1 kg of dry matter of legume hay was 9.65 MJ / kg, which is 21.84% higher than in cereal hay. The average excess of the norm for this indicator was 13.77%. The level of net energy of lactation in cereal hay remains unchanged throughout the study, and for legumes there is a slight tendency to increase this indicator. The average value of the net energy content of lactation in 1 kg of dry matter of cereal hay was 3.72 MJ / kg, which deviates from the norm by minus 23.95%. The average content of net energy of lactation in 1 kg of dry matter of legume hay was 4.51 MJ / kg, which is 21.24% higher than in cereal hay. The deviation from the norm for the entire studied period of time was minus 8.34%. In the period from 1993 to 2018, a tendency for an increase in the content of digestible protein in dry matter was established, more pronounced in legume hay. The average long-term content of digestible protein in 1 kg of dry matter of cereal hay was 62.64 g / kg, while in legume hay its content was 70.10% higher (106.55 g / kg). The average deviation of this indicator from the norm in cereal hay was 15.04%, and in legumes - 8.51%.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41450202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficiency of the correction of metabolism and normalization of reproductive function of cows with the use of modified iodinol","authors":"A. Yevglevsky","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents theoretical substantiation for injecting a iodometabolic composition based on the well-known veterinary preparation iodinol in combination with succinic acid to correct pathobiochemical precesses of highly productive cows. Until recently injection method of the preparation administration in clinical veterinary medicine has not been considered and is not practiced/ The main deterrent was the old regulations that only regulated the external ana oral use of the preparation. More recently the possibility of injecting iodinol to accelerate the recovery of reproductive function in cows was successfully implemented in the dissertation study of Vitol V.A. (2010). The modification of iodinol with the inclusion of the hepatoprotector succunic acid as a strong metabolic is even more promising for its use in infectious and non-infectious pathology. In our research the injectable method of using iodinol in a complex with succinic acid was tested on highly productive cows during intensive endogenous lipolysis with well- expressed symptoms of metabolic acidosis, ketoacidosis, a high risk of developing fatty hepatosis and an unfavorable prognosis of practical use, According to the results of clinical studies it was found out that the cows of the first experimental group in which iodinol was tested in combination with succinic acid, protein content, total lipids, cholesterol, and glucose were already within the average physiological values on the 15th day. This indicated that energy processes of fat oxidation in the liver began to proceed without any deviations. Actually this is evidenced by the low levels of ketone bodies. On the contrary, the use of pharmacopeic iodinol in the second group did not have such a pronounced metabolic effect. In the animals of this group all biochemical parameters were either lower (glucose) or higher (total lipids, total bilirubin, cholesterol, ketone bodies, ASAT and ALAT transamination enzymes) than physiological values. This had a positive impact on the health of cows and the restoration of their reproductive ability. Within 60 days of lactation period the indicators of the cows disposal were as follows: 3 (3.5 %) in the first group of 83 cows, 9 (10.7 %) in the second group of 84, and 25 (25.5 %) in the third (control) group of 98 animals. Thus, a technologically simple approach to correcting metabolism with the availability and environmental safety of the components can reduce the severity of the problem of ensuring the health of high-yielding cows.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44675827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematological studies in inflammation of the mammary gland in animals","authors":"V. V. Chekrysheva","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-3-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-3-16","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of studies of blood samples from cats with mastitis. The studies were carried out on the basis of the North Caucasian Zonal Research Veterinary Institute - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FRANTS, as well as in the veterinary hospitals of the SBBZH in the city of Rostov-on-Don during 2020. The study involved non-sterilized outbred cats aged 6-8 years with signs of inflammation of the mammary gland. At the first stage, a general and special clinical study of animals was carried out. At the second stage, the presence of concomitant pathology in the studied individuals was determined. So, in animals diagnosed with mastitis, obstetric pathology, diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, as well as diseases of the digestive system were most often observed as concomitants. Then, by taking blood samples, the presence of an inflammatory process was determined, as well as to reveal information about the functional state of the body as a whole, as well as organs separately. In the study of a general blood test, it was found that cats with inflammation of the mammary gland showed a pronounced inflammatory reaction, which manifests itself in an increased level of leukocytes and ESR. Also, the studied animals showed an increase in the content of stab neutrophils, which is characteristic of the inflammatory process of bacterial etiology. When conducting a biochemical blood test, it was found that the animals under study have concomitant renal pathology. So, the level of creatinine in the studied animals is exceeded or is at the upper limits of the norm. Also, the studied cats have an increased level of alkaline phosphatase, which is indicative of impaired pancreatic function.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45434348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of water mineralization and dissolved main cations on survival, size and seismosensory characteristics of perch fry (Perca fluviatilis L.)","authors":"B. G. Kotegov","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-7","url":null,"abstract":"Within two months the growing of the perch fry Perca fluviatilis L. carried out in the aquarium experiment. Fertilized eggs of this fish species were taken from the spawning ground of a small and unpolluted natural reservoir and placed in laboratory conditions for subsequent incubation under different hydrochemical conditions. Experimental groups of perch were created in two replicates that developed under control conditions with a water salinity of 160 mg/l, under conditions of fresh water diluted to 100 mg/l, and under conditions with water whose salinity was increased relative to the control to 400 mg/l in three different ways - by adding calcium, magnesium or sodium chloride salts. Temperature, light, and oxygen conditions for growing fry in all groups were the same. The perch larvae were fed first with small natural zooplankton, then with artificially grown nauplia of Artemia; perch fry - with tubificid from vermiculture. The average survival rates of late larvae and early fry of perch in the second half of the experiment were maximal in the groups that developed under hydrochemical conditions with the addition of Na+ and Mg2+ (73% and 67%), and minimal in the groups that developed in the least mineralized water (46%). At the end of the experiment, the surviving fry from the groups affected by the increased content of sodium chloride had statistically significantly (p < 0.05) larger linear sizes than the fry from the control groups and groups that developed in the least mineralized water. Perch fry from the groups affected by increased concentrations of Ca2+ were characterized by a statistically significant (p < 0.05) smaller number of pores in the infraorbital and mandibular seismosensory canals of the head, compared with fry formed in conditions of least water mineralization and the minimal content of this main cation in it. Thus, salinity values and features of the ionic composition of fresh water can significantly affect the development of perch fry, which should be taken into account when breeding it in aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43137457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of innovative technology of biolayer interferometry in basic research in the development of new vaccines","authors":"S. Grin, I. Matveeva","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"One of the effective methods for real-time protein analysis is based on the phenomenon of light interference and is called \"biolayer interferometry\". The patented Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) technology, which underlies ForteBio Octet platform, provides surface interaction analysis for disposable fiber optic biosensors. The article presents the technology of interferometry of the biolayer of BLI molecules, which can be used to determine the kinetics and affinity, for the specific quantitative determination of molecules bound to the biosensor. The purpose of the review was to summarize scientific data on the use of the interferometry technology of the biolayer of BLI molecules in determining the concentration of proteins and studying the kinetics of interaction using Octet systems when creating new vaccines in many ways. BLI biolayer interferometry technology allows protein concentration measurements to be performed without using of labels or auxiliary reagents, even in untreated media. It is characterized by a sensitivity up to several ng/cm3, provides accurate quantitative changes in a few seconds, and not in many hours like traditional methods (ELISA, HPL Coder). The affinity, concentration, and binding kinetics of the studied proteins can be measured in 4- ml drop samples directly on the laboratory table. The technology of interferometry of the biolayer of BLI molecules can be used by researchers to select the most immunogenic epitopes in the molecular structure of a pathogen, it is also possible to conduct studies on the characterization and recognition, diversity and distribution of pathogens, affinity for antibodies, it is possible to characterize the immune response of the host, to study molecular interactions between the pathogen and the host, and to carry out therapeutic and clinical research. Currently, the technology of interferometry of the biolayer of BLI molecules has already been used in fundamental studies of pathogens that cause HIV, herpes, Ebola, influenza A H7N9, Dengue, malaria, Zika virus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, listeriosis, gastroenteritis, respiratory pathology, including the COVID outbreak. -19.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46852845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a mathematical model of the continuous (chemostat) process of culturing pasteurella","authors":"A. Raevsky","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-13","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important technological stages in the production of biological preparations intended for the specific prevention of infectious diseases is the cultivation of microorganisms. The synthesis of antigens occurs precisely at this technological stage of vaccine production; the effectiveness of immunopreparations depends on them. In the process of growing bacteria, it is necessary, simultaneously with an increase in the biomass yield, to ensure that the pathogen does not change its biological properties. To do this, it is necessary to create optimal conditions for cultivation, taking into account the physiological state of microorganisms. The technology of manufacturing bacterial vaccines is a multifaceted problem, the key direction of which is the development of controlled processes for the cultivation of microorganisms. At present, obtaining a bacterial mass of microorganisms for the manufacture of vaccines is based on a periodic method of cultivation, during which the properties of cells and the composition of the culture medium change unpredictably. According to a number of researchers, the most efficient in terms of accumulation of bacterial biomass is chemostat cultivation with limitation by the carbon source [1, 2]. The productivity of continuous (chemostat) cultivation of microorganisms significantly exceeds the productivity of the batch method. Therefore, very promising research aimed at organizing the processes of controlled cultivation and, in particular, on continuous methods of growing microorganisms, allowing you to create and maintain for a long time cultures with a constant and precisely defined biomass concentration, phase and growth rate, as well as the ratio of protective antigens [ 3, 4]. The aim of this work is to build an adequate mathematical model of the process of chemostat cultivation of Pasteurella in the production of anti-Pasteurella vaccine in order to optimize it. As a result of the research, the structure of the mathematical model of continuous cultivation of P. multocida was developed, its coefficients were determined, the adequacy of the model to the real process was verified, the obtained mathematical description of the process makes it possible to calculate and select the modes of chemostatic cultivation - the dilution rate D and the initial glucose concentration S0 - to obtain the optimal concentrations of viable pasteurella, the specified productivity values, the degree of substrate conversion, etc. in the manufacture of antibacterial vaccines. In addition, the obtained mathematical dependences make it possible to make a proposal on the metabolic mechanism for increasing the concentration of pasteurella at low dilution rates.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48788569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of disinfectants on the sheep and goat pox virus in the environment and in livestock buildings","authors":"R. Atovullozoda, S. Zhbanova, S.Kh. Nazrullozoda, M. Rajabaliya, K. A. Odinaev, O. Bogomolova, N. M. Pukhova","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Smallpox of sheep and goats is an acute contagious disease characterized by the formation of a specific papular-pustular rash on the skin and mucous membranes of animals. The disease has become widespread and is now often recorded in the countries of Asia and Africa, where a significant number of sheep and goats are concentrated. The disease is registered in the European Union and the Russian Federation. In Russia, smallpox is registered mainly in the border areas. In the Republic of Tajikistan, in the Khatlon region, sheep and goat pox is one of the five most common diseases of small ruminants, causing significant economic damage to the industry as a whole. Smallpox of sheep and goats has been classified by the OIE as Group A - rapidly spreading animal diseases. An important role in preventing the emergence and spread of smallpox, along with vaccination and quarantine measures, is played by observance of veterinary and sanitary standards when grazing livestock on pastures, places for drinking and keeping animals. The purpose of this work was to conduct comparative studies on the use of disinfectants to localize outbreaks of sheep and goat pox in the farms of the Republic of Tajikistan. The experimental work was carried out at the Institute of Veterinary and in the production conditions of sheep-breeding farms in the Republic of Tajikistan. The effectiveness of new drugs was determined in comparison with traditional ones. The results of the study showed a high virucidal activity of GAN, Dexid-400 and sodium hydroxide against the Variolaovium virus, the causative agent of sheep and goat pox. The use of these disinfectants indoors during outbreaks of sheep pox made it possible to prevent the spread of infection, reduce economic losses, while ensuring the safety and productivity of animals.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44504485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectroscopic characteristics of colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles","authors":"P. Krasochko, R. B. Korachkin, P. Krasochko, S. N. Gvozdev, M. Ponaskov, V. M. Eremets, L. A. Neminuschaya","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-8","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles are finding more and more practical applications in various fields of human activity, including veterinary and medicine. Due to the fact that the effectiveness of activity of colloidal solutions of nanoparticles is directly related to the state of aggregation of nanosized particles, it is urgent to use fast and convenient methods for assessing the physicochemical characteristics of such preparations. Nanoparticles have unique optical properties that depend on their size and shape. They can be determined by the refractive index of the light on the surface of the nanoparticles in a phenomenon known as plasmon resonance, which makes UV-Vis spectroscopy a valuable tool for studying and evaluating the characteristics of nanomaterials. Goal of the study is to study the optical characteristics of several samples of colloids of nanoparticles of noble metals (silver) and bioelements (copper, silicon dioxide) in order to determine the possibility of further application of UV-Vis spectroscopy for evaluation of activity and stability of colloidal solutions of nanoparticles. Commercial preparations based on nanoparticles of noble metals (silver) or bioelements (copper, silicon dioxide) in working dilutions recommended by manufacturers were used to study optical characteristics of the colloidal solutions. Optical density and absorption spectra were determined at the wavelengths (nm): 300-800 nm. The f plasmon surface resonance has been found in all test preparations, while all of them exhibited obvious nonlinear optical properties. The most pronounced plasma resonance peak is found in the colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles within a wavelength of 420 nm. In the case of a colloidal solution of copper nanoparticles, the peak of plasmon resonance was less pronounced and had a red shift (peak at 560 nm). In the colloidal solution of silicon silica, the plasmon resonance was less pronounced than other test preparations, being shifted to the blue side of the spectrum (360 nm).","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45696308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing technology of low-molecular-weight chitosan based on enzymatic hydrolysis","authors":"E. Kovaleva, A. I. Albulov, M. Frolova, V. Varlamov, A. V. Grin","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-6","url":null,"abstract":"Chitosan is natural high molecular weight polymer of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl - D - glucosamine connected by 1,4 - b - glycoside bond with a molecular mass of 1000 kDa (and above), practical use is difficult because of high viscosity of its aqueous solutions even at low concentrations, and lack of solubility at neutral pH and, consequently, low biological activity. To reduce viscosity, improve the solubility and enhance biological activity of high molecular weight chitosan subjected to depolymerization. Chitosan, like other polysaccharides, is characterized by a hydrolysis reaction, which is due to the presence of glycoside bonds in the molecule that are lable to hydrolyzing agents, for example, aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, as well as to the effect of some hydrolases. During hydrolysis, glycoside bonds are broken and, as a result, the molecular weight of chitosan decreases. However, these processes are accompanied by the formation of significant amounts of toxic products and require very costly disposal of waste before it is discharged into the environment. Chitin and chitosan are natural biopolymers and their synthesis, modification and degradation are associated with enzymatic transformations. It is the biodegradability to the usual substances for the body that is one of the main advantages of chitosan. It is obvious that the most appropriate method is the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan. As enzyme preparations for the degradation of chitin and chitosan, enzyme complexes of various origins are used. These can be enzymes from crab or krill hepatopancreas complexes, as well as pancreatin from the pancreas of cattle. But more often for this purpose, enzymes complexes with chitinolytic activity of microbiological origin are used. In this study, low-molecular-weight chitosan was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using the extracellular chitinolytic complex of Streptomyces kurssanovii. The resulting chitosan had a medium-viscosity molecular weight of 25-40 kDa. Carrying out two stages of fractionation (stepwise acidification and separation on membranes) made it possible to obtain chitosan fractions with a narrow distribution by molecular weight.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47652628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: characteristics and role in pathology","authors":"Y. Fedorov, V. Klukina, O. Bogomolova, M. Romanenko, K. N. Tsarykova","doi":"10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30917/ATT-VK-1814-9588-2021-1-15","url":null,"abstract":"The review describes structure and biology feline immunodeficiency virus, epidemiology, clinical manifistation, immunological and immunogenetic characteristics of the pathogenesis, principles of diagnosis, treatment and prophylactic. This is a brief overview of the current state of knowledge of this virus. The feline immunodefficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus of the Lentivirus genus (Family Retroviridae) was initially isolated from colony of domestic cats in California (USA) in 1986 and has now been recognized as a common feline pathogen worldwide. FIV closely related to HIV, which infect members of Felidae family and it is an importmant viral pathogen worldwide in the domestic cats. FIV these reasons has been studied widely as both an important veterinary pathogen and an animal model for HIV/AIDS. However, it is important to emphasise that humans are not susceptible to FIV infection. The main cellular target for FIV is the CD4+ T cell. FIV causes an immune system disease in domestic cats involving depletion of the CD4+ population of T lymphocytes, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and sometimes death. Seven genetically distinct subtypes has been defined (A,B,C,D,E,F,U-Nzenv).The seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus infection of cats varies markedly between geographic regions. Transmission of FIV is principally by parenteral inoculation of the virus in blood and saliva, presuamably via biting during fighting. Most clinical signs are not directly caused by FIV, clinical signs will be the result of a secondary infection. The virus itself is responsible for immunodeficiency or immune stimulation. Chronic gingivostomatitis one of the most common presenting signs in FIV-infected cats. Methods of diagnosis are included virus isolation (not used routinely), polymerase chain reaction with sensitive and specificities ranging from 40-100%. These techniques result in relatively high numbers of false-positive and false-negative results. Routinely, FIV-infection is diagnosed by detecting antibodies using ELISA and immunochro-matography methods. Western blot analysis is considered the \"gold standart\" for FIV serology to confirm questionable results. The most common drugs used for treatment of FIV-infection: reverse transcriptase inhibitors drugs, that ingibit firal ensymes, such as DNA or RNA polymerases, integrase ingibitors, protease ingibitors; and interferons. Development of an effective vaccine against FIV is difficult because of the high number and variations of the virus strains. Vaccines that only protect against a single virus variant, have already demonstrated a good efficacy against homologous FIV strains. This review summaries pertinent findings about FIV from work published in a variety research journals.","PeriodicalId":8625,"journal":{"name":"Athletic Therapy Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45703820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}