{"title":"Online Esports Engagement: Motivational Antecedents and Marketing Outcomes","authors":"Zeynep İrem Erdoğmuş, Gökhan Esen, Melisa Karakaya Arslan","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"Esport is becoming one of the fastest-growing sports branches and providing remarkable advertising and sponsorship opportunities for brands. This research aims to understand what motivates online esports spectators to engage in esports and the way that motivations and engagement influence their purchase intention toward advertised and sponsored products during esports events. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling with 436 esports spectators. The results imply that esports engagement has mainly been driven by parasocial interaction between online esports spectators and players. Various motivations were found to act upon the emersion of different esports engagement dimensions, among which a hierarchy of effects existed. Affective and behavioral esports engagement positively influenced advertising sponsorship effectiveness during esports events. Along with providing a definition of esports engagement, this research creates a theoretical linkage between uses and gratifications theory, sports consumption motivations, and esports engagement; and explores how esports engagement leads to the willingness to buy products advertised during esports events and/or products of official esports sponsors. Keywords: esports, motivation, sponsorship, uses and gratifications, parasocial interaction","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77497099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental Sustainability and the National Hockey League: A Review of the Seven Canadian Teams","authors":"Carla Colomba, W. J. Weese","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"Environmentalists consistently note that the way we live and work is having devastating impacts on the environment, and immediate change is required if the planet is to be saved. Legislation is being enacted to force industries and companies to change their business practices so the impact of their programs and services is less damaging to the environment. Some organizations, including professional sports teams and facilities, have implemented environmentally friendly programs and practices to reduce their environmental impact. They have subsequently celebrated these developments as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate environmental responsibility (CER) programs. The researchers reviewed the programs and practices of the seven National Hockey League (NHL) teams based in Canada and, based on these assessments, offered suggestions for improvement based on the best practices of teams and facilities from other sports and facilities across the globe. These environmental programs should serve as the most critical component of their corporate social responsibility program. Keywords: corporate environmental responsibility, National Hockey League, Canada","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"23 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73227203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Competitive Balance of the Ryder Cup: The Key Factor for the Success of the Modern Era of this Competition","authors":"Patrice Bouvet","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this article, using the example of recent editions of the Ryder Cup, is to discuss the importance of the concept of competitive balance as a factor explaining the interest shown by spectators and TV viewers in sports competitions. To this end, after having constructed indicators to calculate the ex-ante competitive balance of the last 20 editions of this competition, a comparison is made with the results (gaps) observed on the course. The conclusion, which may be of interest to sports economists, future organisers and technicians (captains), is that \"the competitive balance does not explain everything\". Other concepts need to be developed. Keywords: Ryder Cup, competitive balance, annual performance indicator, current performance indicator, competitive exceptionality","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75335480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Global Media Coverage of the 2022 Qatar World Football Cup","authors":"G. Papanikos","doi":"10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Mega sporting events attract global media attention such as the Olympic Games and the World Football Cup. Countries bid to host such events for a number of reasons which include favourable global media coverage serving economic, political, national, and cultural purposes. Qatar, following a long strategy of establishing itself on the world stage as a pioneer country in the Middle East, showcased its national economic achievements by organizing the World Football Cup from 20 November 2022 to 18 December 2022. The purpose of this paper is to look at the extent of media coverage demonstrated by the international media attention that is officially licenced by FIFA to cover the games: tv, radio, mobile and internet. Keywords: Qatar, Qatargate, Middle East, media, sports, football, FIFA, public funds","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81014026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phenomenological Body Schema as Motor Habit in Skill Acquisition – Intentionality is in Action","authors":"M. Kosma","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this concept-based paper was to showcase the importance of Merleau-Ponty’s (1945/2014) phenomenological body schema as motor habit in skill acquisition and perception of the world and contrast it with the standard information processing models that are solely based on cognition. Examples of disability cases are used, including Schneider’s brain damage and instances of apraxia, to exhibit that difficulty in executing certain motor skills is based on lack of body schema/motor habit and not on some gnostic disorder that inhibits representation as proposed in information processing. Habitual body movement is essential in understanding body schema as motor habit, which is a pre-reflective consciousness, an inter-sensorial unity. Motor skills are learned only via body movement because the body “grasps” and “conceives” movement by throwing itself into meaningful significations without calculating the distance between body parts and external objects. Motor skill execution is done tacitly via body schema that may involve essential external apparatus like a blind man’s cane or aerial silks in aerial practice. Constant engagement with concrete, functional movements and different ways to perform abstract movements (e.g., use of preparatory actions and vision), can improve body schema/motor habit, and thus mobility, skill performance, and understanding of the world. Keywords: body schema, motor habit, skill acquisition and learning, Merleau-Ponty, phenomenology","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79083279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phenomenological Body Schema as Motor Habit in Skill Acquisition – Intentionality is in Action","authors":"Maria Kosma","doi":"10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this concept-based paper was to showcase the importance of Merleau-Ponty’s (1945/2014) phenomenological body schema as motor habit in skill acquisition and perception of the world and contrast it with the standard information processing models that are solely based on cognition. Examples of disability cases are used, including Schneider’s brain damage and instances of apraxia, to exhibit that difficulty in executing certain motor skills is based on lack of body schema/motor habit and not on some gnostic disorder that inhibits representation as proposed in information processing. Habitual body movement is essential in understanding body schema as motor habit, which is a pre-reflective consciousness, an inter-sensorial unity. Motor skills are learned only via body movement because the body “grasps” and “conceives” movement by throwing itself into meaningful significations without calculating the distance between body parts and external objects. Motor skill execution is done tacitly via body schema that may involve essential external apparatus like a blind man’s cane or aerial silks in aerial practice. Constant engagement with concrete, functional movements and different ways to perform abstract movements (e.g., use of preparatory actions and vision), can improve body schema/motor habit, and thus mobility, skill performance, and understanding of the world. Keywords: body schema, motor habit,","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136096087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Competitive Balance of the Ryder Cup: The Key Factor for the Success of the Modern Era of this Competition","authors":"Patrice Bouvet","doi":"10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this article, using the example of recent editions of the Ryder Cup, is to discuss the importance of the concept of competitive balance as a factor explaining the interest shown by spectators and TV viewers in sports competitions. To this end, after having constructed indicators to calculate the ex-ante competitive balance of the last 20 editions of this competition, a comparison is made with the results (gaps) observed on the course. The conclusion, which may be of interest to sports economists, future organisers and technicians (captains), is that \"the competitive balance does not explain everything\". Other concepts need to be developed. Keywords: Ryder Cup, competitive balance, annual performance indicator","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136231039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How do Graduate Students’ Perceptions of Gamesmanship Change when exposed to a Sport Ethics Course?","authors":"Brad Strand, Kelsey Slater","doi":"10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhspo.10-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"An important responsibility of coaches is teaching their athletes to make appropriate ethical decisions. One aspect of ethical decision-making involves gamesmanship. Making appropriate gamesmanship decisions is often influenced by the importance of winning. Coaches and athletes recognize what is appropriate but have a difficult time acting appropriately when winning and losing are on the line. This study used a pre-class post-class gamesmanship inventory to determine if an ethics course had an impact on the gamesmanship beliefs of graduate students enrolled in a leadership-focused master’s degree program. It was noted that a shift in gamesmanship beliefs occurred as a result of the sport ethics course. Keywords: gamesmanship, ethics, morals, coaches, education","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136095773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Global Media Coverage of the 2022 Qatar World Football Cup","authors":"Gregory T. Papanikos","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Mega sporting events attract global media attention such as the Olympic Games and the World Football Cup. Countries bid to host such events for a number of reasons which include favourable global media coverage serving economic, political, national, and cultural purposes. Qatar, following a long strategy of establishing itself on the world stage as a pioneer country in the Middle East, showcased its national economic achievements by organizing the World Football Cup from 20 November 2022 to 18 December 2022. The purpose of this paper is to look at the extent of media coverage demonstrated by the international media attention that is officially licenced by FIFA to cover the games: tv, radio, mobile and internet. Keywords: Qatar, Qatargate, Middle East, media, sports, football, FIFA, public funds","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136231632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How do Graduate Students’ Perceptions of Gamesmanship Change when exposed to a Sport Ethics Course?","authors":"Brad Strand, Kelsey Slater","doi":"10.30958/ajspo.10-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.10-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"An important responsibility of coaches is teaching their athletes to make appropriate ethical decisions. One aspect of ethical decision-making involves gamesmanship. Making appropriate gamesmanship decisions is often influenced by the importance of winning. Coaches and athletes recognize what is appropriate but have a difficult time acting appropriately when winning and losing are on the line. This study used a pre-class post-class gamesmanship inventory to determine if an ethics course had an impact on the gamesmanship beliefs of graduate students enrolled in a leadership-focused master’s degree program. It was noted that a shift in gamesmanship beliefs occurred as a result of the sport ethics course. Keywords: gamesmanship, ethics, morals, coaches, education","PeriodicalId":8622,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF SPORTS","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86373343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}