Medical immunology (London, England)最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19 therapy: from myths to reality and hopes","authors":"S. Bozrova, M. Drutskaya, S. Nedospasov","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-ctf-2095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-ctf-2095","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is unprecedented for the 21st century and has already affected countries with a total population of billions of people. The number of infected has already surpassed 30 million people and the number of deaths has exceeded 1 million. Unfor-tunately, Russia is still one of the five countries with the largest number of infected people, although mortality from COVID-19 is significantly lower than in many other countries. Since the virus and the pathogenesis caused by it have a lot of new and unexpected features, high-tech and specific anti-viral drugs and vaccines have not yet been created. The most promising targets for future drug development are enzymes necessary for the life cycle of this particular virus (such as components of the replicase complex or viral proteases). Unexpected circumstances are pushing the evaluation of a number of previously developed and existing drugs directed toward other RNA viruses, some of which have already been shown effective in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2. There is no doubt that soon prototypes of drugs of this class with higher specificity and effective-ness will be found. Another group of potential drugs are known drugs that are directed against various aspects of the pathogenesis caused by SARS-CoV-2, in particular, cytokine storm or coagulopathy. It should be emphasized that the genome of the virus encodes about 10 additional proteins, some of which may be related to unusual aspects of pathogenesis during COVID-19. Basic research should determine which of these proteins can be targets for specific therapy. Finally, the fact that neutralizing antibodies are found in the blood plasma of many patients and can be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, indicates the potential of using recombinant neutralizing antibodies as drugs, and secondly, confirms the possibility of creating effective vaccines. This mini-review discusses therapeutic approaches and the status of clinical trials using drugs that already existed before the pandemic and were originally developed against other infectious agents or for the treatment of autoimmune pathologies. These drugs are part of today's arsenal in therapeutic protocols and are used in an attempt to cope with the COVID-19 epidemic in different countries.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"22 1","pages":"827-836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48185285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination treatment of patients with metabolic phenotype of osteoarthritis: an exploratory study","authors":"V. Shirinsky, N. Kalinovskaya, E. Filatova, I. Shirinsky","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-cto-2046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-cto-2046","url":null,"abstract":"Treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) patients with comorbidities can be challenging due to adverse events and non-sufficient efficacy of modern drugs. A safe and effective alternative could be the methods of traditional medicine and their combinations. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of combination of curcuma-based parapharmaceutical preparation and acupuncture in metabolic phenotype of OA (MPOA). The trial design was pilot open-label “before – after” study with the duration of 12 weeks. The patients with MPOA received parapharmaceutical preparation Epigenorm Antivir in a daily dose of 1000 mg and underwent 15-20 sessions of classical acupuncture. We enrolled twenty three women with metabolic syndrome (MS), clinical and radiographic signs of gonarthrosis, mean age 66.5 years, mean body mass index 34.5. At the end of treatment there was a decrease in pain levels according to visual analogue scale (VAS) (before 65 (12.7), after 24.6 (21.0), р=0.001), WOMAC pain scale (before 210.6 (102.2), after 103 (80.8), p = 0.014), KOOS (before 47.8 (12.1), after 66.7 (16.2), р = 0.001). The treatment resulted in statistically significant improvement of daily and social activities, role functioning, and quality of life. The results were clinically significant as evidenced by the moderate (Cohen d > 0.5) and large (Cohen d > 0.8) effect sizes of most outcome changes in accordance with the Cohen classification. The clinical improvement was accompanied by the decrease in MS components – LDL cholesterol (before 3.26 (0.26) mmol/l, after 2.43 (0.2) mmol/l, р = 0.001), triglycerides (before 2.02 (0.16) mmol/l, after 1.31 (0.1) mmol/l, р = 0.005). The treatment resulted in the reduction of systemic inflammation as evidenced by the decrease in the concentrations of TNFα (before 15.9 (1.2) pg/ml, after 12.4 (0.8), р = 0.002), histamine (before 1.6 (0.2) ng/ml, after 0.7 (0.2) pg/ml, р = 0.034), IL-18 (before 208.8 (32.6 ) pg/ml, after 160.0 (26.0) pg/ml, р = 0.002) and CRP (before 6.05 (1.3) mg/l, after 3.2 (0.7) mg/l, р = 0.022). At the same time there was an increase of concentration of IL-10 (before 1.5 (0.7) pg/ml, after 3.8 (1.2), р = 0,006) and adiponectin (before 34.0 (5.6) pg/ml, after 40.0 (6.9), р = 0.034). The treatment was well tolerated, no serious adverse events were registered. The pleiotropic actions of combination treatment occured probably due to synergistic effects of herbal therapies and acupunctures. The results provide a rationale for larger scale, randomized controlled double-blind clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"22 1","pages":"933-942"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46149871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperexpression of TLR2 and TLR4 in patients with ischemic stroke in acute period of the disease","authors":"L. V. Gankovskaya, L. Stakhovskaya, V. Grechenko, E. Koltsova, O. S. Uvarova, M. D. Demina, T. Gromova, O. Svitich","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-hot-1971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-hot-1971","url":null,"abstract":"Pathogenesis of ischemic stroke  is actively  involved  in the  system  of innate immunity. Under conditions of cerebral  ischemia, a number of biologically  active  substances are  released  that  interact with innate immunity receptors, in particular TLR2  and  TLR4, which  exacerbate inflammation in brain  tissue. Identification of predictor markers  at the level of the innate immunity system may foresee the clinical course of ischemic stroke and ensure timely treatment. Our objective was to study expression of TLR2 and TLR4 receptors in peripheral blood leukocytes  in patients with ischemic stroke in the dynamics of the disease. 27 people  were included in the study. The main  group consisted of patients with ischemic stroke of varying severity (n = 19). Patients of the main  group were divided into two subgroups:  with an NIHSS index value of < 10 (n = 10) and > 10 (n = 9). The control group included healthy  donors  with no history  of acute  and chronic inflammatory diseases (n = 8). Peripheral blood  leukocytes  were used as the  test material. To determine expression  of the TLR2  and TLR4  genes, RT-PCR in real time was used. Surface  expression  of TLRs was determined by flow cytometry. A study of the TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression showed that on the 1st, 3rd  and 7th  day post-stroke, the TLR4 gene expression  in patients was significantly  increased, when compared to the control group (p < 0.01), whereas TLR2 gene expression on the 3rd  day of the disease was not statistically different from the control group. A study of surface expression  of receptors showed that the average TLR2 fluorescence intensity on the patients’ peripheral blood monocytes was significantly  increased on the 1st  and 3rd  day of disease when compared to the control group.  The  surface  expression  of TLR4  on monocytes has a statistically significant  increase  only on day 7. Assessment  of surface expression  of TLRs in subgroups  with different  severity values by NIHSS showed that  patients with a NIHSS index > 10 had a significantly  higher  level of surface of TLR2  expression  over the observation period, while the largest difference in TLR4  expression  in the subgroups  was observed  on the 1st day of the disease (p < 0.05). Patients with ischemic stroke showed an increase  in TLR2 and TLR4 expression at the gene and protein level, compared to healthy  donors. These indices can be considered possible predictors for clinical  prognosis  of ischemic stroke.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67109163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the association of the polymorphism of the CLIC1, MSH5, C6orf26, C6orf25 genes with the expression level of the HSPA1B gene","authors":"Yu. D. Vavilovа, A. Boyko, E. Kovalenko, M. Grechikhina, O. A. Shustova, T. Azhikina, A. Sapozhnikov","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-aot-1629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-aot-1629","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67108320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric protein profiling of microvesicles produced by the NK-92 natural killer cell line","authors":"A. Korenevsky, A. Shcherbitskaia, M. E. Berezkina, K. Markova, E. P. Alexandrova, O. Balabas, S. Selkov, D. Sokolov","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-mms-1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-mms-1976","url":null,"abstract":"Extracellular vesicles that are shed from the plasma membrane contain a wide range of molecules, among  which  are proteins, lipids, nucleic  acids,  and sugars. The cytotoxic proteins of natural killer cells play a key role in the implementation of their cytolytic  functions. One of the important steps in understanding the distant  communication of cells is the determination of the proteome of microvesicles. This study was aimed at the protein profiling of the microvesicles produced by the NK-92 natural killer cell line. 986 proteins with a variety of functions were identified in the lysate of microvesicles using the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis.  With automated methods of functional analysis  applied, it has been  shown  that  the  largest  protein groups  are  hypothetical proteins, proteins with  unknown functions, and  domains. The  most  representative groups  are  also  comprised by  transcription  regulators; intracellular  signaling  proteins; RNA  translation, transcription, processing, and utilization regulators; receptors; protein processing  and proteolysis regulators; amino acid metabolism enzymes, as well as transport proteins and transport regulators. Minor functional groups are represented by vitamins and mineral metabolism enzymes, membrane and microdomain-forming proteins, hormones, hemostatic regulators, regulators of sensory  systems,  specific  mitochondrial and  Golgi  apparatus proteins, and extracellular signaling proteins. An intermediate position is occupied by various functional groups, including cytoskeleton and motor proteins; proteins of centrioles; ion channels and their regulators; proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway  of protein degradation; lipid,  steroid, and fatty acid metabolism enzymes; nucleic  acid  base and  carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, as well as energy  metabolism enzymes  and  other proteins involved  in intermediate metabolism; proteins of the immune response  and  inflammation; antigens and histocompatibility proteins; cytokines and growth factors; regulators of apoptosis, autophagy, endocytosis, and  exocytosis;  regulators of the  cell cycle and  division;  regulators of proliferation, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis; regulators of cell adhesion and  matrix  metabolism; nuclear transport proteins; transposition proteins; DNA  replication and  repair  proteins, as well as inactive  proteins. The  data  obtained expand  the existing knowledge of the distant  communication of cells and indicate new mechanisms of interaction between natural killer and target cells.","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67110593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine status in posttraumatic synovitis on the background of systemic and intra-articular use of NSAID and ozone","authors":"G. Poryadin, A. Zakhvatov, T. Tarasova, D. Khaydar, V. Timoshkin","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-csvi1963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-csvi1963","url":null,"abstract":"Joint  damage  initiates aseptic  self-sustaining inflammation, which  contributes the  progression of post-traumatic destruction of tissues  not  only  in the  pathological focus,  but  also outside  it,  significantly expanding the zone of degenerative changes due to secondary alterations. One of the leading roles in pathogenesis of the inflammation belongs  to secreted  mediators-cytokines – that  impart to the cells the proinflammatory potential and  promote the  long-term inflammation. These  effects  lead  to  disorganization of extracellular matrix and progressive  disintegration of cartilage.  In this regard,  the development and implementation of new pathogenetic treatment methods of post-traumatic synovitis permits  to limit the area of secondary alterations and activate  reparative mechanisms in the lesion  from the early terms,  thus potentially improving the results of  rehabilitation treatment and  increasing efficiency  of  conventional therapy   in  post-traumatic synovitis. Numerous experimental and  clinical  studies  have proven  the  effectiveness and  safety of ozone  therapy, e.g., in degenerative joint  diseases.  Despite extensive  data  highlighting effectiveness of ozone  therapy  in articular pathology, the  study of cytokine profile  when  using this treatment of posttraumatic synovitis  was performed only in few works, thus emphasizing the prospects for further research in this direction. The study was aimed for investigation of cytokine status in the patients with posttraumatic synovitis subjected to intravenous and intraarticular ozone  therapy  in combination with intra-articular administration of xefocam. The  work is based  on  the  results  of examination and  treatment of 69 patients with  traumatic injuries  of the  knee  joint,  complicated by development of  post-traumatic synovitis.  Two  study  groups  were  formed, comparable in volume  and  type  of joint  injury.  The  patients from  group  I (35 cases)  received  conventional combined treatment. Among  the  mandatory measures, evacuation of a synovial-hemorrhagic punctate was performed from the cavity of damaged joint. Conservative therapy included NSAIDs, medications that improve microcirculation, at standard dosages, as well as physical therapy. In group II (34 patients), traditional therapy was supplemented with a 10-day  course of intravenous injectable ozone  therapy  with 200 ml of NaCl  solution at a concentration of 2.0 mg/l daily and intra-articular ozone injection at a concentration of 5 mg/l in a volume of 20 ml 5 times  in a day. During arthroscopy, lavage of the joint  cavity was performed with ozonated saline solution at a concentration of 2.0 mg/l.  The ozone  therapy  was combined with three  intra-articular injections of xefocam  at a dose of 8 mg, once  every 4 days. A patent for the  invention was obtained for this treatment technology (No.  2456988 of 27.07.12).  The cytokine profile was evaluated by the content of Pro-inflammatory ","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67108943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic value of anti-GP2 antibodies determined in serum and coprofiltrates in children with inflammatory bowel disease","authors":"A. Toptygina, E. Semikina, S. Petrichuk, A. Potapov, A. Surkov","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-dvo-1998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-dvo-1998","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such  as Crohn’s disease (CD) and  ulcerative colitis (UC), are characterized by chronically recurring inflammation of intestinal wall and are associated with a significant decrease in the  quality  of life. A spectrum of genetic  variants  associated with  Crohn’s disease  is described. Intestinal dysbiosis (DB)  may be the triggering factor of the disease. Glycoprotein 2 (GP2), the main protein of pancreatic zymogen  granules, is secreted  into the intestines with digestive enzymes.  Anti-GP2 antibodies were found in the serum of patients with CD.  The aim of the present  study was to investigate  the levels of anti-GP2 antibodies in serum  and feces of children with IBD  compared with the DB group.  Serums  and coprofiltrates from 110 children (64 boys and 46 girls) at the age of 12.3 (2.6-17.9) years were studied; 36 patients with CD, 30 patients with UC.  A comparison group consisted of 44 patients with DB. IgG and IgA antibodies against GP2 were tested with ELISA. Nonparametric statistics methods are applied, the results are presented as percentages and medians (Me (Q0.25-Q0.75)). The serum levels of anti-GP2 IgA antibodies were 9.97 (3.35-13.45) U/ml for the CD patients, 6.08 (2.71-14.26) U/ml for UC and 2. 94 (2.29-6.41) U/ml for DB. The levels of anti-GP2 IgG antibodies in serum were 6.16 (3.26-18.4) U/ml for CD, 5.26 (2.97-7.52) U/ml for UC, and for DB 5.23 (2.53-8.85) U/ml. The cut-off  threshold concentration for anti-GP2 IgG antibodies was 13.8 U/ml, with sensitivity of 63.2%, specificity 100%, and for IgA 5.63 U/ml, with sensitivity of 60.5% and specificity of 78.8%, thus being lower than the calculated cut-off  for adults (20 U/ml). The levels of anti-GP2 IgG in coprofiltrates in children of comparison group  were 1.99 (1.26-3.04) U/ml; in the  patients with CD, 23.5 (16.15-29.3) U/ml, and  in children with UC, 20.45 (13.63-25.5) units/ml (p < 0.001). The cut-off  value amounted 8.0 U/ml, with 100% sensitivity  and  100% specificity.  Concentrations of anti-GP2 IgA in coprofiltrates of patients with IBD  did not significantly  differ from DB patients. Moreover, the concentration of sIgA in the coprofiltrates of patients with IBD  was significantly  higher than  their level in DB group. The anti-GP2 IgA/sIgA  ratio was significantly lower in patients with CD (0.326 (0.23-0.512)), and UC (0.327 (0.205-0.435)), than in patients with DB (2.332 (1.575-3.523)) (p < 0.001);  the cut-off  level was 0.784, with a sensitivity of 97.7% and specificity  of 98.6%. It is discussed, whether fecal anti-GP2 IgA antibodies should  be considered as protective, supporting intestinal homeostasis, whereas anti-GP2 IgG antibodies are pathogenetically significant  for development of IBD.  Thus, using a non-invasive method for determining anti-GP2 antibodies in stool, when exceeding the cut-off for IgG, and reduction of IgA/sIgA ratio below the cut-off, one may differentiate IBD from DB with a similar symptoms at the onse","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67109015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-2 and regulation of stress hormones and BDNF neurotropic factor levels after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI)","authors":"E. Fomicheva, S. N. Shanin, T. A. Filatenkova, N. B. Serebryanaya","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-iar-1973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-iar-1973","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67109893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combinations of proinflammatory cytokine genes and their interactions in Russian tuberculosis patients in the Chelyabinsk Region","authors":"S. Belyaeva, D. Stashkevich, A. Burmistrova","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-cop-2007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-cop-2007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"22 1","pages":"811-815"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43073288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effect of immunomodulators on the contents of hydrolase inhibitors and lactoferrin in community-acquired pneumonia in adults","authors":"M. Kostinov, N. Zorin, S. Kazharova, V. Zorina","doi":"10.15789/1563-0625-ceo-1548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-ceo-1548","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85139,"journal":{"name":"Medical immunology (London, England)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67108741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}