Journal of social development in Africa最新文献_第9页

Population ageing and survival challenges in rural Ghana 加纳农村的人口老龄化和生存挑战

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23889

Chuks J. Mba

{"title":"Population ageing and survival challenges in rural Ghana","authors":"Chuks J. Mba","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23889","url":null,"abstract":"The significant achievements of global declines in infant and maternal mortality, reductions in fertility, decreases in infectious and parasitic diseases and improvements in nutrition and education have resulted in the numerical growth of elderly populations around the world. The demographic profile of Ghana reveals that currently persons aged 60 years and over constitute about 7 per cent of the total population. Most of these elderly persons reside in rural areas. The principal data for this study emanate from the 1960, 1970, 1984 and 2000 census results of Ghana and the 1988, 1993 and 1998 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data. Population projections by the component method were carried out using the SPECTRUM software, while the medium variant projections were used because of their direct relevance to policy formulation and decision-making. The census results showed that the proportion of the aged population in each age group (60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, 80+) has risen over the years. Both the number and proportion of the elderly to the total population have consistently increased and the proportion of rural elderly persons rose markedly from 4.1 per cent of the total population in 1960 to 7.9 per cent in 2000. Because of modernization and urbanization, the traditional solidarity network, particularly the extended family system, is disintegrating, leaving the elderly with little or no means of support and care. As a result, Ghana's rapidly increasing older population is in a precarious situation that is likely to perpetuate poverty. Key words: ageing, elderly, Ghana, population, rural Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.19(2) 2004: 90-112","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"19 1","pages":"90-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70555562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 49

Conflict generation, conflict management and self-organizing capabilities in drought-prone rural communities in north-eastern Nigeria: A case study 尼日利亚东北部干旱易发农村社区的冲突产生、冲突管理和自组织能力:案例研究

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23886

O. Fiki, Brian Lee

{"title":"Conflict generation, conflict management and self-organizing capabilities in drought-prone rural communities in north-eastern Nigeria: A case study","authors":"O. Fiki, Brian Lee","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23886","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a qualitative study of conflict over crucial resources in drought-prone rural communities in north-eastern Nigeria and shows how these conflicts are mitigated to sustain social order. The article argues that, at a time of increased agitation for local control, this study of conflict generation and conflict management presents a model for understanding governance practices and capacity at local levels and shows how they cohere to sustain the community. The article further argues that the nature of the community must be taken into consideration in local social development in order to reduce the inherent dissonance between policy prescription and the reality of the local communities in Nigeria and, indeed, in Africa as a whole. Specifically, the article extends the literature on conflict management within the framework of governance and social development for understanding self-direction, self-organizing capabilities, community safety and local capacity in rural communities. Key words: conflict generation and management, drought and water use, self-organizing capabilities, rural communities, governance and social development, community safety and development Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.19(2) 2004: 25-48","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"19 1","pages":"25-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70555148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 33

Family and Child Labour: A Study of Child Hawkers in Calabar 家庭与童工劳动:卡拉巴儿童小贩的研究

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23890

J. Okokon, A. O. Charles

{"title":"Family and Child Labour: A Study of Child Hawkers in Calabar","authors":"J. Okokon, A. O. Charles","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23890","url":null,"abstract":"The article discussed hawking as a variant of child labour and examined the relationship between hawking and economic background of families in Calabar metropolis. Using historical, descriptive and survey research the researchers interviewed 700 child hawkers from the ages 1–16+ years in six clusters in Calabar. The study found that, although child labour has a long history in Calabar in particular and Efikland in general, child hawking as a variant of child labour is a product of the circumstance that emanate from economic hardships since the last quarter of the twentieth century. Although hawking begins at school age, there is a higher concentration of child hawkers in late primary and early secondary school classes than in early primary and late secondary school classes. Hawking is an ordered and organized activity which thrives among low-income parents and guardians as a coping strategy. Child hawking is a socialization process which prepares the child for adult economic life. It provides child-to-child learning and training for skill development. Child hawking becomes exploitative when it attracts stringent negative sanctions; otherwise it is like any other “child service” to a family that is in need of such assistance. Key words: child labour, child abuse, child hawking, African family, houseboy system, poverty Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.19(2) 2004: 113-133","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"19 1","pages":"113-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70555434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

The Feasibility of Private Integrated Agricultural Extension Services in Ogun State, Nigeria 尼日利亚奥贡州私营综合农业推广服务的可行性

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23894

S. Apantaku, J. Awotunde, D. Adegbite, E. Ajayi

{"title":"The Feasibility of Private Integrated Agricultural Extension Services in Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"S. Apantaku, J. Awotunde, D. Adegbite, E. Ajayi","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23894","url":null,"abstract":"Persistently poor funding of the government extension service in Nigeria has reduced its effectiveness to farmers. This has informed farmers' desire for the private provision of services, even though this implies a financial contribution from them. However, their ability and willingness to take financial responsiblity for extension services has been in doubt. This study therefore aimed to determine the feasibility of a private integrated agricultural extension service (PIAES) in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 240 small-scale farmers, extension workers and specialists and agro-allied industries through a structured interview schedule and questionnaire. The results of the study showed that majority (75.8 per cent) of the farmers were willing to pay for and patronize a PIAES, although most of them (80 per cent) have access to Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme (OGADEP) extension services. Extension specialists/workers and subject specialists (93.4 per cent) are willing to establish PIAES in Ogun State. Their access to the OGADEP does not have a significant relationship to their willingness to join a PIAES (r=.003, a>.05), but their access to input services, however, does (r=.421, a Key words: integrated agricultural extension, private agricultural extension service, private extension service Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.20(1) 2005: 59-76","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"20 1","pages":"59-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70555798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Gauging the moral economy of communities in development practice: drawing from challenges posed by hierarchies and heterarchies 在发展实践中衡量社区的道德经济:从等级制度和等级制度带来的挑战中吸取教训

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23898

C. Ogoye-Ndegwa

{"title":"Gauging the moral economy of communities in development practice: drawing from challenges posed by hierarchies and heterarchies","authors":"C. Ogoye-Ndegwa","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23898","url":null,"abstract":"Development initiatives often depend on the logic of give and take, apply and reap. These social exchanges may involve a complex interplay of the power relations exemplified in hierarchies and heterarchies. If community developmental agendas build on the premise of an assumed homogeneity and integration, they will be faced with monumental challenges in the implementation and management of their projects; challenges that result from a lack of knowledge and understanding of the intricate social structuring of specific communities. A study was conducted to determine the dynamics of social exchange in the form of gifts, lending, borrowing and swapping at interpersonal, household and kin levels among an agricultural community in western Kenya. Through interviews, market surveillance, household visits and observations, the findings reveal a lack of generosity and reciprocity in gift-giving within the context of symmetrical and asymmetrical power relations. Mapping these exchanges allow us to define a community's moral economy and its social structure. They allow us to identify the most vulnerable members of a community and the social structuring that should not be ignored in addressing development agendas. Key words: moral economy, vertical and horizontal transfers, community development Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.20(1) 2005: 147-166","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"07 1","pages":"147-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70555885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Public–private sector partnerships for improved agriculture services delivery: how do we make them work? 改善农业服务提供的公私部门伙伴关系:我们如何使其发挥作用?

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23887

S. Galaa, F. Obeng

{"title":"Public–private sector partnerships for improved agriculture services delivery: how do we make them work?","authors":"S. Galaa, F. Obeng","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V19I2.23887","url":null,"abstract":"One of Ghana's main development challenges is the delivery of extension, marketing, input supply, financing and other agricultural support to smallholder farmers. Economic liberalization and institutional reforms have reduced and redefined the role of the state in services provision and the onus is now on the emerging private sector and civil society organizations to support the state in providing some of these services. This study explores the nature of existing partnership and collaborative arrangements in the agriculture sector with the view of testing the plausibility of public–private partnerships in the provision of extension services in the agriculture sector of Ghana. The findings show that although the quality of extension services can be improved and the scope expanded more than the collaborating agencies can achieve by working independently, very few well-forged partnership and collaborative arrangements exist in the agriculture sector. Collaborative arrangements in the sector are largely informal and dictated by personal or individual caprices. Although this introduces flexibility, the relationship is often less legitimate, making it difficult to enforce agreements. The lack of clear-cut structures or mechanisms of partnerships creates problems in partnership management. Key words: partnership/collaboration, public–private organizations, agricultural sector, Ghana Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.19(2) 2004: 49-67","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"19 1","pages":"49-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70555479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Decentralization in Botswana: the reluctant process 博茨瓦纳的权力下放:不情愿的过程

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23893

K. Dipholo, B. Mothusi

引用次数: 8

Family economic pressure and health outcomes in low-income Francistown, Botswana: the reverse buffering role of social support 博茨瓦纳低收入弗朗西斯敦的家庭经济压力和健康结果:社会支持的反向缓冲作用

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2005-05-20 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23896

T. M. Moroka

{"title":"Family economic pressure and health outcomes in low-income Francistown, Botswana: the reverse buffering role of social support","authors":"T. M. Moroka","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V20I1.23896","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores and describes the relationships between family economic pressure, social support and health-related quality of life for low-income urban residents in Francistown, Botswana and examines the moderating role of social support. Several studies of social support and quality of life have been done, but none have so far explored the relationship among the three variables. Selected concepts from stress theory are used as a conceptual framework. An explanatory correlational research design was used in this cross-sectional study to explore the relationships among the study variables. Data were collected from 388 residents of low-income urban residents in Francistown, Botswana. Using multiple regression models, the results show that the availability of social support was associated with better physical and psychological health and levels of independence. Consistent with previous research, people with high family economic pressure exhibited significantly poorer health status across all domains. Hierarchical multiple-regression analyses were conducted to examine the relative influence of social support on health status. These preliminary results underscore the importance of considering family factors in designing interventions in low-income urban communities. Key words: family economic pressure, social support, health status, Botswana Journal of Social Development in Africa Vol.20(1) 2005: 106-127","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"20 1","pages":"106-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70555868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Parental survival, living arrangements and school enrolment of children in Malawi in the era of HIV/AIDS 艾滋病毒/艾滋病时代马拉维儿童的父母生存、生活安排和入学情况

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2004-11-10 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V19I1.23879

H. Doctor

{"title":"Parental survival, living arrangements and school enrolment of children in Malawi in the era of HIV/AIDS","authors":"H. Doctor","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V19I1.23879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V19I1.23879","url":null,"abstract":"Using the 1998 Malawi census data, this paper examined the level of orphanhood, the pattern of living arrangements and the effect of poverty on the school enrolment of children in Malawi during a period when adult HIV/AIDS prevalence had reached epidemic proportions. Results show that the proportion of orphans increases with age. By the age of 14, more than two per cent of children have lost both parents, about 11 per cent have lost a father and about 6.5 per cent have lost a mother. The rural areas are home to the majority of the orphans and the southern region has a higher proportion of orphans than the northern and central regions. Girls and boys seem to be faced by the same constraints in household circumstances and educational opportunities, suggesting that there is no gender bias in allocating household resources or providing educational opportunities in Malawi. The differences in enrolment rates between orphans and non-orphans are insignificant. These findings are consistent with results from other countries that are hit hard by the AIDS epidemic and point to the critical role of the extended family system in taking care of the disadvantaged and vulnerable children. Key Words: HIV/AIDS, orphans, Malawi, school enrolment, sub Saharan Africa Jnl of Social Development in Africa Vol.19(1) 2004: 31-56","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"19 1","pages":"31-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70554982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Impediments to mortgage borrowing for the under-served urban household in South Africa 南非服务不足的城市家庭抵押贷款的障碍

Journal of social development in Africa Pub Date : 2004-11-10 DOI: 10.4314/JSDA.V19I1.23878

N. Karley

{"title":"Impediments to mortgage borrowing for the under-served urban household in South Africa","authors":"N. Karley","doi":"10.4314/JSDA.V19I1.23878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JSDA.V19I1.23878","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines impediments to mortgage borrowing in South Africa. The analysis is premised on the fact that, despite South Africa's relatively sophisticated financial system compared to other countries in sub Saharan Africa, its housing finance system has not been able to replicate for the low to moderate income families a system that allows them access to adequate formal housing finance. The paper is in three parts. Firstly, it gives an overview of the current demographic and housing situation in South Africa and provides an awareness of developments in the housing market, especially for the suburban sector, which helped to ascertain the nature of the housing finance problem. Secondly, empirical findings on the impediments to household borrowing are presented in the context of a case study of Umlazi, near Durban in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. This helps in identifying what needs to be done to improve institutional mortgage borrowing by the under-served urban market. Based on this analysis, the paper suggests measures that could enhance the affordability and access to adequate institutional finance in the study area and economies in similar situations. Key Words: affordability, household, mortgage, suburban, under-served Jnl of Social Development in Africa Vol.19(1) 2004: 7-30","PeriodicalId":85020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of social development in Africa","volume":"19 1","pages":"7-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70554939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2