Annals of Eye Science最新文献

{"title":"Pregnancy and retinal and retinal vascular complications","authors":"Anushua Bhattacharya, Sruthi R. Arepalli","doi":"10.21037/aes-23-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-23-31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography of healthy cynomolgus monkey, New Zealand rabbit, Sprague Dawley rat, and BALB/c mouse retinas","authors":"Bikun Xian, Minglei Zhao, Yuting Peng, Wencong Wang, Zhiquan Li, Hening Zhang, Weihua Li, Bing Huang","doi":"10.21037/aes-22-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-22-54","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A variety of experimental animal models are used in basic ophthalmological research to elucidate physiological mechanisms of vision and disease pathogenesis. The choice of animal model is based on the measurability of specific parameters or structures, the applicability of clinical measurement technologies, and the similarity to human eye function. Studies of eye pathology usually compare optical parameters between a healthy and altered state, so accurate baseline assessments are critical, but few reports have comprehensively examined the normal anatomical structures and physiological functions in these models.","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135098812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison between sodium iodate and lipid peroxide murine models of age-related macular degeneration for drug evaluation-a narrative review.","authors":"Soo-Young Kim,&nbsp;Haohua Qian","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this review, non-transgenic models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are discussed, with focuses on murine retinal degeneration induced by sodium iodate and lipid peroxide (HpODE) as preclinical study platforms.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>AMD is the most common cause of vision loss in a world with an increasingly aging population. The major phenotypes of early and intermediate AMD are increased drusen and autofluorescence, Müller glia activation, infiltrated subretinal microglia and inward moving retinal pigment epithelium cells. Intermediate AMD may progress to advanced AMD, characterized by geography atrophy and/or choroidal neovascularization. Various transgenic and non-transgenic animal models related to retinal degeneration have been generated to investigate AMD pathogenesis and pathobiology, and have been widely used as potential therapeutic evaluation platforms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two retinal degeneration murine models induced by sodium iodate and HpODE are described. Distinct pathological features and procedures of these two models are compared. In addition, practical protocol and material preparation and assessment methods are elaborated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Retina degeneration induced by sodium iodate and HpODE in mouse eye resembles many clinical aspects of human AMD and complimentary to the existent other animal models. However, standardization of procedure and assessment protocols is needed for preclinical studies. Further studies of HpODE on different routes, doses and species will be valuable for the future extensive use. Despite many merits of murine studies, differences between murine and human should be always considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"7 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a7/78/nihms-1867764.PMC10448775.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10459164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovations in the diagnosis and management of uveitis: promising research to address unmet patient needs.","authors":"Steven Yeh,&nbsp;Ye Huang,&nbsp;Joanne Thomas","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-54","url":null,"abstract":"Uveitis, or inflammation of the uveal tissues (iris, ciliary body and the choroid), and its contiguous structures, can lead to severe visual impairment and is among the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide (1). In clinical practice, specialists in uveitis and ocular immunology are called upon to manage a range of uveitis syndromes—infectious disease, noninfectious autoimmune conditions, and masquerade syndromes such as lymphoma. Moreover, ophthalmologists of all subspecialties (i.e., medical and surgical retina, corneal surgeons, orbital/oculoplastic surgeons, and comprehensive ophthalmologists) are called upon to manage uveitis syndromes, emphasizing clear importance to understanding common uveitis syndromes, diagnostic workups, and the state-of-the-art in uveitis and ocular inflammation care. Recent advances uveitis disease nomenclature for classification, clinical trials, and laboratory testing involving “omics” insight into disease as well as opportunities for understanding new etiologies of uveitis and therapeutic targets. In this special series the Annals Eye Science entitled “Innovations in the Diagnosis and Management of Uveitis”, we highlight recent diagnosis treatment of uveitis, including both infectious and noninfectious entities, molecular diagnostic techniques, key relationships between gut microbiome and the pathogenesis of uveitis In addition, we also synthesize the literature related to multimodality diagnostic imaging and novel therapies for adults and children with complex inflammatory eye disease. Our recent understanding of uveitis of melanocyte including and antigens in with and which bears similarities in T-cell targeting These interplay between T-cells and melanocytic antigen observed in","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2a/f1/nihms-1794714.PMC9427018.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40335908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RegenX: an NLP recommendation engine for neuroregeneration topics over time.","authors":"Shaan Khosla,&nbsp;Leila Abdelrahman,&nbsp;Joseph Johnson,&nbsp;Mohammad Samarah,&nbsp;Sanjoy K Bhattacharya","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this investigation, we explore the literature regarding neuroregeneration from the 1700s to the present. The regeneration of central nervous system neurons or the regeneration of axons from cell bodies and their reconnection with other neurons remains a major hurdle. Injuries relating to war and accidents attracted medical professionals throughout early history to regenerate and reconnect nerves. Early literature till 1990 lacked specific molecular details and is likely provide some clues to conditions that promoted neuron and/or axon regeneration. This is an avenue for the application of natural language processing (NLP) to gain actionable intelligence. Post 1990 period saw an explosion of all molecular details. With the advent of genomic, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other omics-there is an emergence of big data sets and is another rich area for application of NLP. How the neuron and/or axon regeneration related keywords have changed over the years is a first step towards this endeavor.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Specifically, this article curates over 600 published works in the field of neuroregeneration. We then apply a dynamic topic modeling algorithm based on the Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) algorithm to assess how topics cluster based on topics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on how documents are assigned to topics, we then build a recommendation engine to assist researchers to access domain-specific literature based on how their search text matches to recommended document topics. The interface further includes interactive topic visualizations for researchers to understand how topics grow closer and further apart, and how intra-topic composition changes over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We present a recommendation engine and interactive interface that enables dynamic topic modeling for neuronal regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a7/14/nihms-1794731.PMC9531894.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33490840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A revisit to staining reagents for neuronal tissues.","authors":"Alexandra Rosario, Ashley Howell, Sanjoy K Bhattacharya","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-31","DOIUrl":"10.21037/aes-21-31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the early days of deciphering the injured neuronal tissues led to the realization that contrast is necessary to discern the parts of the recovering tissues from the damaged ones. Early attempts relied on available (and often naturally occurring) staining substances. Incidentally, the active ingredients of most of them were small molecules. With the advent of time, the knowledge of chemistry helped identify compounds and conditions for staining. The staining reagents were even found to enhance the visibility of the organelles. Silver impregnation identification of Golgi bodies was discovered in owl optic nerve. Staining reagents since the late 1800s were widely used across all disciplines and for nerve tissue and became a key contributor to advancement in nerve-related research. The use of these reagents provided insight into the organization of the neuronal tissues and helped distinguish nerve degeneration from regeneration. The neuronal staining reagents have played a fundamental role in the clinical research facilitating the identification of biological mechanisms underlying eye and neuropsychiatric diseases. We found a lack of systematic description of all staining reagents, whether they had been used historically or currently used. There is a lack of readily available information for optimal staining of different neuronal tissues for a given purpose. We present here a grouping of the reagents based on their target location: (I) the central nervous system (CNS), (II) the peripheral nervous system (PNS), or (III) both. The biochemical reactions of most of the staining reagents is based on acidic or basic pH and specific reaction partners such as organelle or biomolecules that exists within the given tissue type. We present here a summary of the chemical composition, optimal staining condition, use for given neuronal tissue and, where possible, historic usage. Several biomolecules such as lipids and metabolites lack specific antibodies. Despite being non-specific the reagents enhance contrast and provide corroboration about the microenvironment. In future, these reagents in combination with emerging techniques such as imaging mass spectrometry and kinetic histochemistry will validate or expand our understanding of localization of molecules within tissues or cells that are important for ophthalmology and vision science.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/00/c8/nihms-1794795.PMC9518810.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40382899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium iodate-induced retina degeneration observed in non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts.","authors":"Soo-Young Kim,&nbsp;Yang Zhao,&nbsp;Hong-Lim Kim,&nbsp;Youngman Oh,&nbsp;Qingguo Xu","doi":"10.21037/aes-21-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-21-27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sodium iodate (SI) is a chemical widely applied to induce retina degeneration in animal models. SI treatment caused formation of rosettes/folds in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the rat retina, but it was previously unclear whether SI also forms rosettes in mice. In addition, SI induced retina degeneration was never addressed in non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mount. Here we displayed features of retina degeneration including rosette formation in mice and developed a morphological analytic assessment using sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SI was intraperitoneally injected in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and C57BL/6J mice using a single dose (50 mg/kg) or with a dose range (10 to 50 mg/kg) in BALB/C mice. Rat retinas were investigated up to 2-week post-injection by histology and whole mounts, and mouse retinas were investigated up to 3-week post-injection by histology, fluorescent staining of sections and/or sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts for the morphological evaluations of the SI-induced retina damage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SI-induced retina damage caused photoreceptor (PR) degeneration and rosettes/folds formation, as well as retina pigment epithelium degeneration and inward migration. It displayed mixed nuclei from choroid to PRs, due to layer disorganization, as shown by single horizontal images in the sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole mounts. Measurement of the PR rosette area induced by SI provided a quantitative, morphological evaluation of retina degeneration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The method of non-separate sclerochoroid/retina pigment epithelium/retina whole staining and mount allows us to observe the integral horizontal view of damage from sclera to PR layers, which cannot be addressed by using sectioned and separate whole mount methods. This method is applicable for morphological evaluation of retina damage, especially in the subretinal layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6a/49/nihms-1789653.PMC9427010.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40335907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update on biologic therapies for juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis.","authors":"Joanne Thomas,&nbsp;Sanjana Kuthyar,&nbsp;Jessica G Shantha,&nbsp;Sheila T Angeles-Han,&nbsp;Steven Yeh","doi":"10.21037/aes-2019-dmu-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-2019-dmu-10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease of childhood, and juvenile idiopathic associated uveitis (JIA-U) is the most frequently noted extra-articular manifestation. JIA-U can present asymptomatically and lead to ocular complications, so regular screening and monitoring are needed to prevent potentially sight-threatening sequelae. Topical glucocorticoids such as prednisolone acetate are usually the first line of treatment for anterior uveitis associated with JIA-U, but long-term use may be associated with cataract, ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate allow tapering of the corticosteroids to prevent long-term complications. Biologic therapies have been increasingly used as targeted therapies for JIA-U, particularly monoclonal antibodies targeting the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α such as adalimumab and infliximab. One recent, multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial provided evidence of the efficacy of adalimumab with methotrexate for JIA-U compared to methotrexate alone. Another clinical trial studying the interleukin-6 inhibitor tocilizumab for JIA-U showed promise in tapering topical corticosteroids. Additionally, JAK inhibitors are emerging biologic therapies for JIA-U in patients refractory to TNF-α inhibitors, with a clinical trial assessing the efficacy of baricitinib for JIA-U underway. While clinical trials on these novel biologics are limited, further investigation of these agents may provide additional therapeutic options for JIA-U.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"6 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f0/5e/nihms-1690429.PMC8202723.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39234699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined automated screening for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy in primary care settings.","authors":"Alauddin Bhuiyan, Arun Govindaiah, Sharmina Alauddin, Oscar Otero-Marquez, R Theodore Smith","doi":"10.21037/aes-20-114","DOIUrl":"10.21037/aes-20-114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are among the leading causes of blindness in the United States and other developed countries. Early detection is the key to prevention and effective treatment. We have built an artificial intelligence-based screening system which utilizes a cloud-based platform for combined large scale screening through primary care settings for early diagnosis of these diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>iHealthScreen Inc., an independent medical software company, has developed automated AMD and DR screening systems utilizing a telemedicine platform based on deep machine learning techniques. For both diseases, we prospectively imaged both eyes of 340 unselected non-dilated subjects over 50 years of age. For DR specifically, 152 diabetic patients at New York Eye and Ear faculty retina practices, ophthalmic and primary care clinics in New York city with color fundus cameras. Following the initial review of the images, 308 images with other confounding conditions like high myopia and vascular occlusion, and poor quality were excluded, leaving 676 eligible images for AMD and DR evaluation. Three ophthalmologists evaluated each of the images, and after adjudication, the patients were determined referrable or non-referable for AMD DR. Concerning AMD, 172 were labeled referable (intermediate or late), and 504 were non-referable (no or early). Concurrently, regarding DR, 33 were referable (moderate or worse), and 643 were non-referable (none or mild). All images were uploaded to iHealthScreen's telemedicine platform and analyzed by the automated systems for both diseases. The system performances are tested on per eye basis with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and kappa scores with respect to the professional graders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In identifying referable DR, the system achieved a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 96.3%, and a kappa score of 0.70 on this prospective dataset. For AMD, the sensitivity was 86.6%, the specificity of 92.1%, and a kappa score of 0.76.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The AMD and DR screening tools achieved excellent performance operating together to identify two retinal diseases prospectively in mixed datasets, demonstrating the feasibility of such tools in the early diagnosis of eye diseases. These early screening tools will help create an even more comprehensive system capable of being trained on other retinal pathologies, a goal within reach for public health deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"6 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/f3/nihms-1712630.PMC8525840.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39535654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of normal human retinal pigment epithelium cells with extremes of autofluorescence or intracellular granule count.","authors":"Katharina Bermond,&nbsp;Andreas Berlin,&nbsp;Ioana-Sandra Tarau,&nbsp;Christina Wobbe,&nbsp;Rainer Heintzmann,&nbsp;Christine A Curcio,&nbsp;Kenneth R Sloan,&nbsp;Thomas Ach","doi":"10.21037/aes-2021-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/aes-2021-01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) accumulate different kinds of granules (lipofuscin, melanolipofuscin, melanosomes) within their cell bodies, with lipofuscin and melanolipofuscin being autofluorescent after blue light excitation. High amounts of lipofuscin granules within the RPE have been associated with the development of RPE cell death and age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, this has not been confirmed in histology so far. Here, based on our previous dataset of RPE granule characteristics, we report the characteristics of RPE cells from human donor eyes that show either high or low numbers of intracellular granules or high or low autofluorescence (AF) intensities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RPE flatmounts of fifteen human donors were examined using high-resolution structured illumination microscopy (HR-SIM) and laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Autofluorescent granules were analyzed regarding AF phenotype and absolute number of granules. In addition, total AF intensity per cell and granule density (number of granules per cell area) were determined. For the final analysis, RPE cells with total granule number below 5^th or above the 95^th percentile, or a total AF intensity ± 1.5 standard deviations above or below the mean were included, and compared to the average RPE cell at the same location. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within 420 RPE cells examined, 42 cells were further analyzed due to extremes regarding total granule numbers. In addition, 20 RPE cells had AF 1.5 standard deviations below, 28 RPE cells above the mean local AF intensity. Melanolipofuscin granules predominate in RPE cells with low granule content and low AF intensity. RPE cells with high granule content have nearly twice (1.8 times) as many granules as an average RPE cell.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In normal eyes, outliers regarding autofluorescent granule load and AF intensity signals are rare among RPE cells, suggesting that granule deposition and subsequent AF follows intrinsic control mechanisms at a cellular level. The AF of a cell is related to the composition of intracellular granule types. Ongoing studies using AMD donor eyes will examine possible disease related changes in granule distribution and further put lipofuscińs role in aging and AMD further into perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":8400,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Eye Science","volume":"6 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4f/2a/nihms-1698412.PMC8291732.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39207297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}