Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza最新文献_第2页

[Anatomists, philosophers, "head hunters": Gall, Kant and the early days of phrenology]. [解剖学家，哲学家，“猎头”:加尔，康德和早期的颅相学]。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Marco Duichin

{"title":"[Anatomists, philosophers, \"head hunters\": Gall, Kant and the early days of phrenology].","authors":"Marco Duichin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"In 1798, the German physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall, after his transfer to Vienna, published a pioneer paper that gave rise to the Schädellehre (skull-doctrine): a new discipline (today better known under the spurious name of phrenology) aimed at the study of the functional relations between mental faculties, cerebral areas, and skull bumps. During that same period (1796-1798), several Kantian texts began to circulate, in which--polemicizing with J.C. Lavater, and S.Th. Soemmerring--some anthropological and psychological issues, present also in Gall's paper (e.g., \"the inner and outer side of man,\" \"skull morphology,\" \"the organ of the soul,\" etc.) were dealt with, but in an independent way. Kant will come to know of the Schädellehre only in the last years of his life, showing an unexpected interest in the subject. Proof of this may be found not only in the testimony of his Tischgenossen (table friends), but also in some posthumous notes (AA XV/2, AA XXI: 1802-1803), which are the object of a still controversial interpretation. In 1804, upon the death of the philosopher--on the background of the striking contemporaneous occurrence of the so-called \"skull hunt\" (Schädeljagd), raging at that time in the Austro-German area--also Kant's skull, like those of other prominent figures, became the object of a phrenological investigation, as Gall had for a long time been hoping.","PeriodicalId":82321,"journal":{"name":"Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza","volume":"48 1-2","pages":"103-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32507607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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[Stories in history. Notes in the margins of a book on the history of Italian psychology]. [历史故事。一本关于意大利心理学史的书的页边空白处的注释]。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Glauco Ceccarelli

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Philosophy and mathematics: interactions. 哲学和数学:相互作用。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Roshdi Rashed

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[Extraordinary news of a curious apothecary. Monsters and wonders in the Florentine diary of Luca Landucci]. 一个奇怪的药剂师的惊人消息。卢卡·兰杜奇的佛罗伦萨日记中的怪物和奇迹。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Lorenzo Montemagno Ciseri

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Four centuries later: how to close the Galileo case? 四个世纪后:如何结束伽利略案?

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Michael Segre

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Joseph John Thomson's models of matter and radiation in the early 1890s. 约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆森在19世纪90年代早期提出的物质和辐射模型。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Stefano Bordoni

{"title":"Joseph John Thomson's models of matter and radiation in the early 1890s.","authors":"Stefano Bordoni","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"In the late nineteenth century, Joseph John Thomson moved away from Maxwell's specific theoretical models of matter and energy, even though he continued to rely on the general framework of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In his 1893 book, he accomplished the conceptual drift towards a discrete model for matter, electricity, and fields. In Thomson's model, energy was linked to tubes of force, in particular to the aether contained in them and surrounding them: the energy was the kinetic energy of aether, of both a rotational and translational kind. Starting from Maxwell's electromagnetic fields, namely stresses propagating through a continuous solid medium, Thomson arrived at a representation of fields as a sea of discrete units carrying energy and momentum. He tried to transform Maxwell's theory into a unified picture in which atomic models of matter stood beside atomic models of fields. In 1904 his interpretation of X-rays was based on the integration between two complementary features of electromagnetic radiation, the continuity and the discreteness, and on some kind of fibrous aether. In recent secondary literature, the problematic conceptual link between J. J. Thomson's theory and contemporary theories on electromagnetic radiation has been underestimated. On the contrary, in the first half of the twentieth century, some physicists inquired into that link, and a widespread debate emerged, misunderstandings included.","PeriodicalId":82321,"journal":{"name":"Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza","volume":"48 1-2","pages":"197-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32507614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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[The production of optical glass in France and the experiences of Ruggiero Boscovich for the production of lead glass (Part One)]. 【法国光学玻璃的生产及Ruggiero Boscovich生产铅玻璃的经验(上)】。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Edoardo Proverbio

{"title":"[The production of optical glass in France and the experiences of Ruggiero Boscovich for the production of lead glass (Part One)].","authors":"Edoardo Proverbio","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The experiences that in 1758 led John Dollond to create the first achromatic telescope highlighted the serious difficulties related to the production of lenses with a correction for chromatic aberration. These difficulties were due to the lack of suitable tools for measuring the refraction index and for verifying the curvatures of the lenses of such optical instruments. To this was added what was perhaps the greatest difficulty: i.e., that of acquiring the kinds of glass, the so-called \"common\" (crown) glass and \"lead\" (flint) glass, of which the lenses had to be made. If the theoretical works of Alexis Clairaut, of Samuel Klingenstierna, and of Ruggiero Boscovich furnished the theoretical basis for producing such lenses, and subsequently--after Boscovich's discovery of the role of the eyepieces--for creating also achromatic eyepieces, the greatest challenge from the practical point of view was that of the availability of the flint glass. In this first part of the article there is then a study of the numerous attempts and directions pursued by Clairaut and his valid collaborators--Anthéaulme, George father and son, Charles François de l'Etang, and Claude Siméon Passemant--in order to find common glass and lead glass, and to produce the first achromatic lenses and binoculars in France. An analysis follows of the experiences conducted by Boscovich, first in Vienna, and then in Milan and Venice-Murano, addressed to the production of flint glass.","PeriodicalId":82321,"journal":{"name":"Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza","volume":"48 1-2","pages":"67-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32507608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Raffaello Caverni and the Society for the Progress of the Sciences: an independent priest criticized by the lay scientists. rafaello Caverni和科学进步协会:一位被非专业科学家批评的独立牧师。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Dino Boccaletti

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[Work, momentum and fatigue in the work of Daniel Bernoulli: toward the optimization of biological fact]. [Daniel Bernoulli工作中的工作、动力和疲劳:走向生物事实的优化]。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2011-01-01

Yannick Fonteneau, Jérôme Viard

{"title":"[Work, momentum and fatigue in the work of Daniel Bernoulli: toward the optimization of biological fact].","authors":"Yannick Fonteneau, Jérôme Viard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of mechanical work is inherited from the concepts of potentia absoluta and men's work, both implemented in the section IX of Daniel Bernoulli's Hydrodynamica in 1738. Nonetheless, Bernoulli did not confuse these two entities: he defined a link from gender to species between the former, which is general, and the latter, which is organic. In addition, Bernoulli clearly distinguished between vis viva and potentia absoluta (or work). Their reciprocal conversions are rarely mentioned explicitly in this book, except once, in the section X of his work, from vis viva to work, and subordinated to the mediation of a machine, in a driving forces substitution problem. His attitude evolved significantly in a text in 1753, in which work and vis viva were unambiguously connected, while the concept of potentia absoluta was reduced to that of human work, and the expression itself was abandoned. It was then accepted that work can be converted into vis viva, but the opposite is true in only one case, the intra-organic one. It is the concept of fatigue, seen as an expenditure of animal spirits themselves conceived of as little tensed springs releasing vis viva, that allowed the conversion, never quantified and listed simply as a model, from vis viva to work. Thus, work may have ultimately appeared as a transitional state between two kinds of vis viva, of which the first is non-quantifiable. At the same time, the natural elements were discredited from any hint of profitable production. Only men and animals were able to work in the strict sense of the word. Nature, left to itself, does not work, according to Bernoulli. In spite of his wish to bring together rational mechanics and practical mechanics, one perceived in the work of Bernoulli the subsistence of a rarely crossed disjunction between practical and theoretical fields.","PeriodicalId":82321,"journal":{"name":"Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza","volume":"48 1-2","pages":"145-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32507611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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[The beginnings of genetics in Italy (1903-1940). A reconnaissance]. 遗传学在意大利的开端(1903-1940)。一个侦察]。

Physis; rivista internazionale di storia della scienza Pub Date : 2008-01-01

Alessandro Volpone

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