Annual research & review in biology最新文献

{"title":"Antimalarial Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum gratissimum, and Their Histologic Effects on Some Organs (Liver, Kidney and Heart) of Plasmodium berghei Infected Albino Mice","authors":"Anyasodor, C. C., Onyido, A. E., Ogbuefi, E. O., Anyasodor, A. E.","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830602","url":null,"abstract":"Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Ociumum gratissimum (clove Basil) have long been employed locally for the management of malaria. The present study compared antimalaria activities of the ethanolic leaf extracts of the individual plants, and assessed their combined effects on some organs of malaria-infected mice, at the Parasitology and Histopathology units, Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Owerri, from January to March, 2021. The leaves of the different plants were extracted with absolute ethanol (BDL 95%) for the test. Clean albino mice were experimentally infected intraperitoneally with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Parasitaemia level was determined before parasite inoculation and at 24 hours post treatment period. Histopathological study on the liver, kidney, and heart was carried out using the Paraffin Setions method. Extracts of the leaves were administered orally, while chloroquine administration was intramuscular. The efficacy of the leaf extracts was tested on the P. berghei infected albino mice using the 4-day curative test. The lethal median dose (LD50) recorded for neem and clove basil leaf extracts were 31.62 and 1246.9 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Significant activity against the parasite was produced by infected mice treated with extracts of A. indica and O. gratissimum, and their combinations throughout the treatment period (P<.05). Highest reduction of parasitaemia was observed on day 4. Maximum parasitaemia reduction (78.65%) was attained with 30mg/kg of the combined extracts on the 7th day. Mild pathological lesions were observed in mice treated with A. indica leaf extract. These observations indicate better anti-malaria activity of the combination therapy as compared with the individual extracts of A. indica and O. grassimum, and indicate good antimalarial and protective roles of the plant extracts on the parasitized mice at large, as it slows down development of resistance.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"31 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Primary, Secondary and Micro Nutrients on Maize Yield in the Wenchi Municipality, Ghana","authors":"Bavug Abednego, Andre Bationo, Pious Ahenkan","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830600","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major constraints related to maize (Zea mays L.) productivity is low soil fertility related mainly to continuous cropping without replenishment of depleted nutrients. In view of this, this study sought to assess the effect of different combinations of primary and secondary nutrients on the yield of maize in the Wenchi Municipality in the Brong-Ahafo Region. Five treatments - Control (T1), NPK (T2), NPK + S + Mg + Ca+ B + Cu + Mo+ Zn (T3), Manure (T4) and T3 + Manure (T5) - were tested in a field experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The test crop was Lake 601 maize variety.&#x0D; Data for the research was collected on total number of plants, stalk weight, hurst weight, cob weight, grain weight Nutrient Use Efficiency and Economic Viability. The data was analysed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) on all measured parameters and the results were presented in graphs. From the results gathered, it was realized that the application of NPK + Sec_MN had a more positive impact on dry shoot weight and grain weight.&#x0D; The results obtained from the field experiment also indicated that it was more efficient to combine both NPK and secondary nutrients in maize production compared to applying the other treatments assessed in the study; such that, the combined effect gave more yield and subsequently generated more money (income).&#x0D; Based on the results obtained in the research, it was recommended that; much attention should be given to T3 (NPK + Sec_MN). Possibly, different doses of this treatment should be further tested to know the actual extent at which the secondary nutrients and the NPK can be combined to give the maximum yield. Similar research should also be staged at a different location to know whether similar results would be obtained.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":" 43","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Roots of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. in Mice and Rats Respectively","authors":"Rachael O. Folarin, Jamiu O. Omirinde, Taidinda T. Gilbert, Christopher Igbeneghu","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830601","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Khaya senegalensis is one of the key medicinal plants used discretionarily in traditional medicine as remedies to several health conditions. This study aimed to establish the safety of Khaya senegalensis root aqueous extract in experimental animals with the purpose of optimizing its therapeutic value. &#x0D; Methodology: A total of 74 animals (20 rats and 54 mice) were randomly assigned into two main groups based on toxicity plan; acute and sub-chronic toxicity. Mice were divided into 9 groups (6 per group) for the acute toxicity study while rats were divided into 4 groups (5 per group) for sub-chronic toxicity assessment. &#x0D; Results: The acute concentrations of the extract in mice induced dose-dependent clinical signs severities such as: twitching, increase rate of respiration, sedation, abdominal muscle contractions and increased motor activity. The lethal dose 50 value of the extract was estimated as 320mg/ kg body. The sub-chronic concentrated grades in the rats especially the higher doses elicited significantly increased serum liver enzymes values when compared to the control, while at low dose the values were comparable to that of the control. Also observed were the evidences of renal cellular pathology ranging from mild to severe tubular cell degeneration, tubular cell depletion and congestion of the renal cortex. The liver pathologies such as hepatic portal congestion, cytoplasmic vacuolations and nuclear degeneration were strikingly visible mostly at the higher doses. The lymphocyte and platelet counts were the only haematological parameters that increased significantly more particularly at low dose when compared with the control.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study has shown that Khaya senegalensis seems to be safe only at low doses. However, caution should be taking in its administration for therapeutic purposes especially when long-term usage is desired.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135286281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Composition of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Biodegraded Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel","authors":"Esther Taiwo Taiwo, Oluwabiyi Ikeolu Atanda Oluremi, Kanan Tyohemba Orayaga","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830599","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To determine the nutrient digestibility and blood composition of broiler chickens fed biodegraded sweet orange fruit peel-based diets.&#x0D; Study Design: Completely randomized design.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Livestock Research Farm, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria; fifty-six days&#x0D; Methodology: Sweet orange peels and cattle rumen content were collected. Rumen content was mixed with water at a ratio 1 kg: 1 litre and sieved to get rumen filtrate (RF). RF was mixed with Sweet orange peels at a ratio of 1 litre: 2.5 kg and fermented for 48 hours, sun-dried, milled, and added to broiler diets at different levels: 0% (T1), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), 15% (T4), and 20% (T5). A total of 150 day-old chicks, randomly assigned to five dietary treatments and three replicates per treatment were raised in a 56-day feeding trial. Three chickens of average live body weight similar to the treatment group average were selected and used to determine nutrient digestibility and blood composition.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the coefficient of digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen-free-extract did not differ significantly (P > .05) among the treatment groups. Haematological indices; haemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), did not differ significantly (P > .05) across the dietary groups, while white blood cell (WBC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) varied significantly (P < .05). Serum indices; total protein (TP), globulin, glucose, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly affected (P < .05) by the experimental diets, while albumin, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase did not differ significantly (P < .05) across the dietary groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Biodegraded sweet orange peel-based diets can replace maize grains up to 20% without affecting nutrient digestibility or having any adverse effect on blood constituents of broiler chickens.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"2002 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135637298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective Activity of Catharanthus roseus Ethanol Extract by Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Neurite Outgrowth Studies","authors":"Nguyet Thi Doan, Duong Hoang Nguyen, Tru Van Nguyen","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i830598","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To investigate biological activities for neuroprotective effect of Catharanthus roseus.&#x0D; Methodology: Catharanthus roseus was identified using DNA barcoding, utilizing matK, trnH-psbA, and rbcL markers. Additionally, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method was used to analyze the phytochemistry compounds present in the C. roseus extracts. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity was tested using a modified Ellman’s method. Finally, neurite outgrowth activity was determined in rat glial C6 cells treated with varying concentrations of C. roseus extracts.&#x0D; Results: Overall, the plant samples which were collected in Laocai, Vietnam were successfully identified through DNA barcoding regions, using trnH-psbA, matK, and rbcL genes. Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenolic in the ethanol extract and its fraction from C. roseus. Additionally, the extracts of C. roseus displayed remarkably high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Moreover, the ethanol extract of C. roseus shown the most potent neurotrophic activity in a preliminary cell-based screening based on C6 cells neurite outgrowth.&#x0D; Conclusion: These results demonstrate that Catharanthus roseus could be a strong candidate for developing pharmacological drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"315 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136067726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Knowledge on the Hygiene Practices of Actors in the Sector of “Dèguè”, a Milk-Based Foodstuff Produced and Consumed in Togo: Case of the Municipality of Agoè-Nyivé 1","authors":"Kwami Lumo Awaga, Voukey Edo Boula, Mamatchi Mélila, Tètouwalla Awili, Kameni Ludovic Géraud Bonda","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730597","url":null,"abstract":"“Dèguè” is mixture of fermented milk, millet or durum wheat couscous and sugar, which is one of the foods well appreciated in Togo. This study was carried out in view to contribute to the valuation of this milk-based foodstuff produced and consumed in Togo for consumer health safety. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with an analytical aim, the survey of which took place from April 3 to June 30, 2023 in the municipality of Agoè-Nyivé 1 of the Autonomous District of Greater Lomé. In total, 70 \"Dèguè\" vendors were surveyed on their level of knowledge of good hygiene practices. The KoboCollect, Epi-info version 7.2. and Excel 2013 softwares allowed the collection and statistical processing of the data. The survey showed a predominance of women (80%) among sellers. They were between 15 and 50 years old with an average age of 30 ± 8.35. Respectively 45% and 36% of sellers declared having received training on Good Hygiene Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices. Only 35.71% of sellers have a good level of knowledge on hygiene practices and among them 48.00% have a secondary level compared to 28.00% with a higher level. Considering the age group, the Chi square test showed that there is no significant difference between the level of knowledge on hygiene practices and the age group (p &gt; 0.05). The results of this study show the need to raise awareness among all the actors involved in the \"Dèguè\" sector in the municipality of Agoè-Nyivé 1 for an improvement in hygiene and manufacturing practices.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135112476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in a Vegetable Cultivated in a Conflict Zone","authors":"A. I. Yaradua, J. I. Bungudu, L. Shuaibu, A. Nasir, A. Usman, I. H. Kankia, N. U. Matazu, Z. A. Suleiman, A. A. Sada, F. A. Rumah, U. Bello, A. B. Tukur, A. S. Sani, R. G. Lawal, H. K. Matazu, A. K. Sani, Z. G. Kabir, A. I. Yaradua, H. G. Kabir, M. I. Halliru, A. Abbas, M. M. Dalhatu, I. A. Yaradua, M. N. Nasir, F. Mukhtar, M. Hassan, B. Abdullahi, A. Y. Sabiru, I. S. Darma, R. Nasir, M. A. Rawayau, W. Hamisu, A. N. Muhammad","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730596","url":null,"abstract":"The health risk to the population from exposure to heavy metals in an area that have witnessed a surge in illegal mining activities, cattle rustling and banditry were evaluated in the current study. Sorel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) leaves sample from Gadirge village, Jibia local Government area, Katsina State, Nigeria was evaluated for the presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals in the sample to the population were assessed using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Health Risk Index (HRI)) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risks. The result of the mean concentration values of the evaluated heavy metals Fe, and Pb from the sample falls above the Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) of heavy metals in leafy vegetables. The concentrations of the other metals including Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cd evaluated in the sample were within the permissible values The result of the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) associated with the evaluated heavy metals exposure through consumption of the sample for adults and children all were below 1, with exception of the THQ for the heavy metal Fe in the adults and children population and for Mn in the children population that were above 1. The combined health risks for all the metals in the sample for the adults and children population represented as the HRI were above 1, the result of the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for both the adult and children population shows that the heavy metal Ni is beyond the threshold of the safety limit for cancer risk. There is a health risk concern from consumption of the vegetable sample as it may add to the disease burden of the population.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135992950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Green Compost Processed Organic Fertilizer and Chlorella Microalgae Solution on Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Carotenoid and Proline Content of Tropaeolum majus under Drought Stress","authors":"Sasan Mohsenzadeh, Maryam Karmidarenjani, Elham Alsadat Mirahmadinejad, Reza Robati","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730595","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental stresses, particularly drought, are the most critical contributors in reducing the growth of plants. The effect of processed organic fertilizer of green compost and chlorella microalgae solution on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and proline content of Tropaeolum majus plant under control and drought conditions were investigated. The experiments were carried out in pot with a completely randomized design with three replicates. Green manure treatment included 0%, 5% and 10% by volume of pots. Chlorella microalgae treatment had two levels in terms of zero cells and 368 million cells in each pot. Drought stress was administered based on a lack of ten-day and seventeen-day irrigation. After two months, the samples were collected and the relative content of amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and amino acid proline were performed. The findings revealed that green compost of 10% alone and together with chlorella microalgae significantly reduced the effects of drought stress at 5% level. Compost with 10% volumetric along with chlorella caused a significant increase in chlorophyll at control and 5% level. Tropaeolum majus plants treated with chlorella algae and 10% green compost showed the greatest levels of proline amino acid under stress.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"13 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136112562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecology and Distribution Pattern of Insectivorous Plant in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"Vivek Kumar Yadav, Diwakar Singh, A. P. Singh, Hemangad Shukla","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730594","url":null,"abstract":"Some angiosperm flowering plants of the plant kingdom obtain essential nutrients for themselves by feeding on small arthropods similar to animals; they are called insectivorous or carnivorous plants. These are often found in such places where the soil is acidic, moist land/swamp and lacking nutrients. The presence of several species of insectivorous plants such as Drosera burmannii, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Nipenthes rajah, Utricularia aurea and Pinguicula vulgeris has been reported in different sites in India. Drosera burmannii, Drosera indica and Utricularia aurea have also been reported in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh. The availability of insectivorous plants will prove helpful in the study of soil diversity, geographical structure, climatic environmental conditions. The presence of the specific plants species to create the special characteristics of the area as well as raise the question in mind to observed the association of specific types of insect species and some associated plant species linkage that are available here.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135899479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Assessment of Residual Pesticides of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Consumed in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"S. N. Kalu, C. O. Ujowundu, A. A. Emejulu, F. N. Ujowundu, V. A. Onwuliri, T. O. Ukwueze, M. Akpaki","doi":"10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2023/v38i730593","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides are important and necessary in reducing the loss caused by insect infestation on grains. However, its toxicity and persistence in the environment is of health concern. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) preserved with insecticide are considered to be good for consumption if its content of insecticide is not higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The aim of this research was to quantify the residue of pesticide in four beans samples and determine the health risk associated with consuming these foods by residents of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Pesticides content of beans samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC). The results of the study showed the presence of 17 different pesticide residues in all samples of beans. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) were detected in all samples of beans and at levels above European Union’s (EU's) MRL except in iron beans samples. Glyphosate was detected in all the samples at concentration above EU’s MRL. However, pesticides in Raw iron beans such as carbofuran (0.43±0.03 mg/kg), Endosulphan (0.18±0.01 mg/kg), HCB (0.62±0.10 mg/kg) Profenos (0.55±0.04 mg/kg) and t-nonachlor (0.32±0.00 mg/kg) decreased significantly to 0.23±0.10 mg/kg, 0.09±0.01 mg/kg, 0.31±0.01 mg/kg, 0.38±0.01 mg/kg, and 0.22±0.00 mg/kg respectively in Parboiled iron beans. This indicates reduced Health Risk Index (HRI) to pesticides of parboiled beans samples. Similar results were also recorded in other raw and parboiled beans varieties studied. This calls for the attention of regulatory agencies in foods and food products to effectively monitor the use and application of pesticides on foodstuff and also encourage parboiling before cooking to eat.","PeriodicalId":8230,"journal":{"name":"Annual research & review in biology","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136153783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}