Antibodies最新文献

{"title":"Case Series: Efficacy of Polyclonal Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Refractory <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Infection.","authors":"Sophie A Ragan, Caitlin Doyle, Neha Datta, Heather Abdic, Mark H Wilcox, Ros Montgomery, Shanika A Crusz, Yashwant R Mahida, Tanya M Monaghan","doi":"10.3390/antib13020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antib13020026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) no longer features in treatment guidelines. However, IVIg is still used by some clinicians for severe or recurrent CDI (rCDI) cases. The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of IVIg and to identify possible predictors of disease resolution post IVIg administration for patients with CDI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational cohort study of patients ≥2 years old hospitalised with severe, relapsing, or rCDI treated with IVIg therapy was performed in a large UK tertiary hospital between April 2018 and March 2023. Scanned electronic notes from patient admissions and clinical reporting systems were used to collect relevant data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 20/978 patients diagnosed with CDI over the 5-year study were treated with IVIg. Twelve (60%) had hospital-onset CDI. Eleven of the twenty patients (55%) responded to treatment, with a mean of 8.6 (SD 10.7) days to disease resolution. Sixteen (80%) patients were treated for severe CDI and four (20%) for rCDI (n = 3) and relapsing CDI (n = 1). There were no statistically significant differences in possible independent predictors of disease resolution post IVIg administration between groups. There was an average of 6.2 (4.9) days to IVIg administration after diagnosis with no difference between responders and non-responders (<i>p</i> = 0.88) and no further significant difference in additional indicators. Four (36%) of the responders were immunosuppressed compared to just one (11%) of the non-responders (<i>p</i> = 0.15). Six of the responders (two with recurrent and four with severe CDI) improved rapidly within 2 days, and three of these were immunosuppressed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We observed disease resolution post IVIg therapy in over 50% of patients with refractory CDI. Our data also support a potential enhanced effect of IVIg in immunosuppressed individuals. Thus, the role of IVIg for CDI treatment, particularly in the immunosuppressed, warrants future case-control studies coupled to mechanistic investigations to improve care for this ongoing significant healthcare-associated infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11036217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140847167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-CD99 Antibody Therapy Triggers Macrophage-Dependent Ewing Cell Death In Vitro and Myeloid Cell Recruitment In Vivo.","authors":"Allison F O'Neill, Evelyn M Nguyen, Evelyn D Maldonado, Matthew R Chang, Jiusong Sun, Quan Zhu, Wayne A Marasco","doi":"10.3390/antib13010024","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antib13010024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor of the bone or soft tissues characterized by diffuse membranous staining for CD99. As this tumor remains incurable in the metastatic, relapsed, and refractory settings, we explored the downstream immune implications of targeting CD99.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We discovered a human anti-CD99 antibody (NOA2) by phagemid panning and investigated NOA2 immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo focusing on the myeloid cell compartment, given that M2 macrophages are present in human tumors and associated with a poor prognosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NOA2 is capable of inducing immune effector cell-mediated Ewing death in vitro via engagement of macrophages. Mice with metastatic Ewing tumors, treated with NOA2, experience tumor growth arrest and an associated increase in intratumoral macrophages. Further, incubation of macrophages and Ewing cells with NOA2, in conjunction with anti-PILRα antibody blockade in vitro, results in the reactivation of previously dormant macrophages possibly due to interrupted binding of Ewing CD99 to macrophage PILRα.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These studies are the first to demonstrate the role of human immune effector cells in anti-CD99-mediated Ewing tumor death. We propose that the engagement of CD99 by NOA2 results in the recruitment of intratumoral macrophages. In addition, interruption of the CD99:PILRα checkpoint axis may be a relevant therapeutic approach to activate tumor-associated macrophages.</p>","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10967632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140292582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episomal Vectors for Stable Production of Recombinant Proteins and Engineered Antibodies.","authors":"Ian Fallahee, Daniel Hawiger","doi":"10.3390/antib13010018","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antib13010018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is tremendous interest in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for research and therapeutic use. Here, we demonstrate a highly versatile plasmid system that allows the rapid generation of stable Expi293 cell pools by episomal retention of transfected DNA. By linking protein expression to puromycin resistance through an attenuated internal ribosome entry site, we achieve stable cell pools producing proteins of interest. In addition, split intein-split puromycin-mediated selection of two separate protein expression cassettes allows the stable production of bispecific antibody-like molecules or antibodies with distinct C-terminal heavy chain modifications, such as an antigen on one chain and a sortase tag on the other chain. We also use this novel expression system to generate stable Expi293 cell pools that secrete sortase A Δ59 variant Srt4M. Using these reagents, we prepared a site-specific drug-to-antibody ratio of 1 antibody-siRNA conjugate. We anticipate the simple, robust, and rapid stable protein expression systems described here being useful for a wide variety of applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10967652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140292583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and Loss of Effectiveness of Biologic Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Due to Anti-Drug Antibody Development.","authors":"Tsvetelina Velikova, Metodija Sekulovski, Monika Peshevska-Sekulovska","doi":"10.3390/antib13010016","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antib13010016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience a loss of effectiveness to biologic therapy (i.e., anti-TNF therapy, etc.). Therefore, in addition to the adverse effects of the treatment, these patients also face failure to achieve and maintain remission. Immunogenicity, the process of production of antibodies to biological agents, is fundamental to the evolution of loss of response to treatment in IBD patients. The presence of these antibodies in patients is linked to decreased serum drug levels and inhibited biological activity. However, immunogenicity rates exhibit significant variability across inflammatory disease states, immunoassay formats, and time periods. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the immunogenicity and immune mechanisms of antibody formation to biologics, the loss of therapy response, clinical results of biological treatment for IBD from systematic reviews and meta-analyses, as well as to summarize the most recent strategies for overcoming immunogenicity and approaches for managing treatment failure in IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10967499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140292584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Bispecific IgG1 Antibody Targeting BCMA and PDL1.","authors":"Irene Cattaneo, Sylvie Choblet, Rut Valgardsdottir, Muriel Roth, Annamaria Massafra, Marten Beeg, Marco Gobbi, Martine Duonor-Cerutti, Josée Golay","doi":"10.3390/antib13010015","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antib13010015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We designed, produced, and purified a novel IgG1-like, bispecific antibody (bsAb) directed against B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), expressed by multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), PDL1, expressed in the MM microenvironment. The BCMA×PDL1 bsAb was fully characterized in vitro. BCMA×PDL1 bound specifically and simultaneously, with nM affinity, to both native membrane-bound antigens and to the recombinant soluble antigen fragments, as shown by immunophenotyping analyses and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), respectively. The binding affinity of bsAb for PDL1 and BCMA was similar to each other, but PDL1 affinity was about 10-fold lower in the bsAb compared to parent mAb, probably due to the steric hindrance associated with the more internal anti-PDL1 Fab. The bsAb was also able to functionally block both antigen targets with IC₅₀ in the nM range. The bsAb Fc was functional, inducing human-complement-dependent cytotoxicity as well as ADCC by NK cells in 24 h killing assays. Finally, BCMA×PDL1 was effective in 7-day killing assays with peripheral blood mononuclear cells as effectors, inducing up to 75% of target MM cell line killing at a physiologically attainable, 6 nM, concentration. These data provide the necessary basis for future optimization and in vivo testing of this novel bsAb.</p>","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10885062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139929711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity in the HLA-I Recognition of HLA-F Monoclonal Antibodies: HLA-F or HLA-Ib Monospecific, HLA-E or HLA-G Bispecific Antibodies with or without HLA-Ia Reactivity.","authors":"Mepur H Ravindranath, Narendranath M Ravindranath, Carly J Amato-Menker, Fatiha El Hilali, Edward J Filippone","doi":"10.3390/antib13010008","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antib13010008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous investigators have used various anti-HLA-F monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to demonstrate that the tissue distribution of HLA-F is highly restricted. Notably, these mAbs differed in their immunodiagnostic capabilities. Specifically, mAbs Fpep1.1 and FG1 detected HLA-F intracellularly in B cells but not on the cell surface, whereas mAb 3D11 detected HLA-F on the cell surface. The presence of HLA-F on T cells was recognized by mAb FG1 but not by mAb Fpep1.1. mAb 3D11 detected HLA-F on the cell surface of activated B cells and on peripheral blood lymphocytes, but not on the normal cells. Importantly, mAb 3D11 revealed that HLA-F exists as a heavy chain (HC) monomer, rather than as an HC associated with B2m. Although these mAbs are believed to be specific to HLA-F, their monospecificity has not been formally established, which is critical for immunodiagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Previously, we investigated the diversity of HLA class I reactivities of anti-HLA-E mAbs using HLA-I coated multiplex bead assays on a Luminex platform. We reported that more than 80% of the HLA-E mAbs were cross-reactive with other HLA-I molecules, with exceptionally few truly HLA-E-monospecific mAbs. In the present investigation, we generated IgG mAbs against HCs of HLA-F in Balb/C mice and examined the cross-reactivity of anti-HLA-F mAbs with other HLA-I alleles using a multiplex bead assay on the Luminex platform. Beads coated with an array of HLA homo- and heterodimers of different HLA-Ia (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) and Ib (HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G) alleles were used to examine the binding of the anti-HLA-F mAbs. Only two mAbs were HLA-F monospecific, and five were HLA-Ib restricted. Several anti-HLA-F mAbs cross-reacted with HLA-E (<i>n</i> = 4), HLA-G (<i>n</i> = 3), HLA-Ia alleles (<i>n</i> = 9), HLA-G and HLA-Ia (<i>n</i> = 2), and HLA-Ib and HLA-Ia (<i>n</i> = 6). This monospecificity and polyreactivity were corroborated by the presence of HLA-F monospecific and HLA-I-shared sequences. This study emphasizes the need to monitor the mono-specificity of HLA-F for reliable immunodiagnostics and passive immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10885067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139929724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Responses to Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies during Pre-Liver Transplantation Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Recipients Associated with Post-Liver Transplantation Allograft Injury.","authors":"Shu-Hsien Lin, Kun-Ta Wu, Chih-Chi Wang, Kuang-Tzu Huang, Li-Wen Hsu, Hock-Liew Eng, King-Wah Chiu","doi":"10.3390/antib13010007","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antib13010007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The impact of antibody responses following direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected recipients before and after liver transplantation (LT) is still undetermined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this observational cohort study, we aimed to explore the association between changes in anti-HCV antibody titers following pre-LT DAA therapy and allograft injury, including biliary complications (BCs) and acute cellular rejection (ACR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 153 cases were enrolled from January 2015 to February 2021. Serum anti-HCV antibody titers were assessed before and after (day 30) LT. Among all recipients, 31/153 (20.3%) had pre-LT DAA therapy (the DAA group) and 122/153 (79.7%) did not undergo pre-LT DAA therapy (the DAA-naïve group). A higher incidence of post-LT BCs was observed in the DAA group (<i>p</i> = 0.028). Compared with the DAA-naïve group, the DAA group had a significantly higher mean level of anti-HCV titer upregulation (<i>p</i> = 0.0024); furthermore, among the recipients with BCs (n = 28) and ACR (n = 41), those in the DAA group exhibited significantly higher mean levels of anti-HCV antibody titer upregulation (<i>p</i> < 0.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, we speculate that the upregulation of anti-HCV antibody titers, which might have been induced via the restoration of HCV-specific immune responses through pre-LT DAA therapy, was associated with post-LT allograft injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10801541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139511586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is It Time to Reconsider Rituximab Dosing Regimens for Pemphigus Vulgaris?","authors":"Christian Ciolfi, Jacopo Tartaglia, Mauro Alaibac","doi":"10.3390/antib13010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antib13010004","url":null,"abstract":"Rituximab is currently approved for patients affected by moderate-to-severe pemphigus vulgaris, a severe autoimmune blistering skin disease that can be life-threatening. The standard rituximab dosing regimens, originally established for B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, have been recognized to exceed the effective dose required for inducing B-cell depletion, considering that the B-cell burden in pemphigus vulgaris is considerably lower than in lymphoproliferative disorders. We herein report our experience with very ultra-low-dose rituximab in two patients affected by pemphigus vulgaris.","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"38 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Analytical Performance of ELISA Salivary Serologic Assay to Detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG in Children and Adults","authors":"Andrea Padoan, C. Cosma, C. di Chiara, Giulia Furlan, Stefano Gastaldo, Ilaria Talli, Daniele Donà, Daniela Basso, Carlo Giaquinto, Mario Plebani","doi":"10.3390/antib13010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antib13010006","url":null,"abstract":"Saliva is a promising matrix with several purposes. Our aim is to verify if salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody determination is suitable for monitoring immune responses. One hundred eighty-seven subjects were enrolled at University-Hospital Padova: 105 females (56.1%) and 82 males (43.9%), 95 (50.8%) children and 92 (49.2%) adults. Subjects self-collected saliva using Salivette; nineteen subjects collected three different samples within the day. A serum sample was obtained for all individuals. The N/S anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary IgG (sal-IgG) and serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG (ser-IgG) were used for determining anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The mean (min–max) age was 9.0 (1–18) for children and 42.5 (20–61) for adults. Of 187 samples, 63 were negative for sal-IgG (33.7%), while 7 were negative for ser-IgG (3.7%). Spearman’s correlation was 0.56 (p < 0.001). Sal-IgG and ser-IgG levels were correlated with age but not with gender, comorbidities, prolonged therapy, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, or time from last COVID-19 infection/vaccination. The repeatability ranged from 23.8% (7.4 kAU/L) to 4.0% (3.77 kAU/L). The linearity of the assay was missed in 4/6 samples. No significant intrasubject differences were observed in sal-IgG across samples collected at different time points. Sal-IgG has good agreement with ser-IgG. Noninvasive saliva collection represents an alternative method for antibody measurement, especially in children.","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"69 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139450197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies from a Large Panel of Murine Antibodies against RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein","authors":"E. D’Acunto, Alessia Muzi, Silvia Marchese, L. Donnici, Valerio Chiarini, Federica Bucci, Emiliano Pavoni, Fabiana Fosca Ferrara, M. Cappelletti, Roberto Arriga, Silvia Maria Serrao, Valentina Peluzzi, Eugenia Principato, M. Compagnone, Eleonora Pinto, Laura Luberto, Daniela Stoppoloni, Armin Lahm, Rüdiger Groß, Alina Seidel, Lukas Wettstein, Jan Münch, Andrew Goodhead, Judicael Parisot, R. de Francesco, G. Ciliberto, E. Marra, L. Aurisicchio, G. Roscilli","doi":"10.3390/antib13010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antib13010005","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic, once a global crisis, is now largely under control, a testament to the extraordinary global efforts involving vaccination and public health measures. However, the relentless evolution of SARS-CoV-2, leading to the emergence of new variants, continues to underscore the importance of remaining vigilant and adaptable. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have stood out as a powerful and immediate therapeutic response to COVID-19. Despite the success of mAbs, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose challenges and the available antibodies are no longer effective. New variants require the ongoing development of effective antibodies. In the present study, we describe the generation and characterization of neutralizing mAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by combining plasmid DNA and recombinant protein vaccination. By integrating genetic immunization for rapid antibody production and the potent immune stimulation enabled by protein vaccination, we produced a rich pool of antibodies, each with unique binding and neutralizing specificities, tested with the ELISA, BLI and FACS assays and the pseudovirus assay, respectively. Here, we present a panel of mAbs effective against the SARS-CoV-2 variants up to Omicron BA.1 and BA.5, with the flexibility to target emerging variants. This approach ensures the preparedness principle is in place to address SARS-CoV-2 actual and future infections.","PeriodicalId":8188,"journal":{"name":"Antibodies","volume":"23 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}