Arab Journal for Plant Protection最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Constant Temperatures on Biological Parameters of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) on Tomato Plants in Case of Asexual Reproduction (Parthenogenesis","authors":"N. A. Kaf, R. Youssef, R. Aboud","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-39.2.135145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.2.135145","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key devastating pest worldwide, it has the capacity to develop on a wide range of Solanaceous plants but tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is considered to be its preferred host. This study was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Centre in Latakia in 2019 to estimate biological parameters of T. absoluta and evaluate the effect of temperature in its development, longevity, reproduction in parthenogenesis. The experiments were carried out at constant temperatures (10, 20, 30˚ C), 60-65% RH, and photoperiod (16L: 8D). Biological parameters were analyzed according to the theory of age-stage two-sex life table by using the computer program TWO-SEX MSchart. The highest value of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the final increase rate (λ), and net reproductive rate (Ro) were 0.0439±0.0028 females/female/day, 1.0449±0.0029, and 7.01±0.8705 females/female/generation, respectively, at 20˚C. The lowest value of net reproductive rate (Ro) was 0.92±0.1250 females/female/generation at 30˚C. Generation time (T) was the longest (44.3±0.203 days) at 20˚C and decreased to 26.38±1.156 days at 30˚C. T. absoluta completed its development at all these temperatures. The results obtained showed that the effect of temperature on the insect development from egg to adult decreased with increased temperature. The shortest development period on egg, larva and pupa development was 3.95±0.149, 11.975±0.075 and 4.95±0.086 days, respectively, at 30˚C. This means that the development time from egg to adult was shorter (20.8±1.151 days) at 30˚C as compared to 34.51±0.127 days at 20˚C, and longest at 10˚C (125.4±1.211 days). The female longevity was longer (61.35±0.25 days) at 20˚C. The highest rate of fecundity was 12.98±1.072 eggs/unmated female, and the lowest was 2.19±0.152 eggs/unmated female at 30˚C. Moreover, the unmated females kept at 10˚C did not lay eggs, and unfertilized eggs (asexually produced eggs) laid by unmated females at 20 or 30˚C did not hatch. The adult pre-oviposition period (APOP) of unmated females was 2.57±0.1368 days at 20˚C and 4.31±0.2629 days at 30˚C, whereas the total APOP of females was 36.86±0.1844 days at 20˚C and 24.21±0.3039 days at 30˚C. Keywords: Tomato leaf miner, Life tables, asexual reproduction, Parthenogenesis, Syria","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82785711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Parameters of the Bark Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions","authors":"Khalid Hussain Quresh, Abdul Waheed Solang, A. G. Lanjar, Jan Muhammad Marri, Sajjad Ali Khuhro, A. Bukero","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-039.2.146151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.2.146151","url":null,"abstract":"Biological parameters of the bark beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was investigated under different temperature regimes (27, 29, 31 and 35ºC). The females reared at 29°C, lived 30.93±2.36 days for oviposition. The female laid a maximum of 6.71±1.89 eggs per day and a maximum of 6.99±1.33 batches per female. Each batch had an average of 13.78±2.01 eggs. The mean total fecundity recorded was 67.8±4.25 eggs, with a shortest egg incubation period. At 29°C, the duration of the larval stage was 20.17±2.89 days, the pupal stage 5.03±1.11 days, and the life span of the adult insect was 29.44±3.19 days. Significant differences (P<0.05) were noted when the duration of the different life stages under 29 and 35ºC were compared, with longer duration at 29°C. Insects reared at 35°C had narrower bodies and smaller sizes. Furthermore, the developmental stages period, including the ovipositional period (days) were negatively correlated with temperature. Keywords: Xylosandrus crassiusculus, bark beetle, biological parameters, temperature regimes.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80832610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Citrus Bent Leaf Viroid in Citrus Orchards of Sargodha, Pakistan","authors":"F. Bakhtawar, Y. Iftikhar, Muhammad Zeshan, M. I. Hamid","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-039.2.159163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.2.159163","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to monitor the Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd) in citrus growing areas of district Sargodha, Pakistan during 2017-2018. Collected samples were tested by RT-PCR using specific primers. PCR positive samples were used to confirm the CBLVd incidence and severity on different citrus varieties grown at different regions of Sargodha. Maximum disease incidence was recorded in Kot Momin with the mean value of 24%, with severe symptoms of bark cracking, backward leaf bent and stunting. Minimum disease incidence was recorded in in Sillanwali region with the mean value of 3.33%. The symptoms in Sillanwali were only yellowing and slight leaf bent. Maximum severity was observed in Kot momin (0.60%). Molecular detection of CBLVd by RT-PCR confirmed the diagnosis of the viroid. This survey was carried out for the first time in Sargodha district to monitor the occurrence of citrus bent leaf viroid following the first report of its detection in Pakistan in 2009. Since many declining citrus trees were found negative to CBLVd testing, other causal agents can be involved, and extensive surveys are still required in the near future. Keywords: Citrus, RT-PCR, CBLVd, Disease incidence, viroid, Sargodha, Pakistan","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91215862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Activity of Tannases Produced by Isolated from Syrian Woody Soils Trichoderma citrinoviride and T. brevicompactum on Tannins Degradation","authors":"Manal Al-Nhlaoui, A. Nizam, M. Daghestani","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-39.2.126134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.2.126134","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted during the period 2019–2020 to identify Trichoderma spp. isolated from woody soils and assessing their efficacy for biodegradation of tannins through tannase enzyme activity produced. Results obtained confirmed the presence of two species; Trichoderma citrinoviride, which was isolated from Maysalon area near Damascus, and characterized by yellowish green colony with dense growth of spores at the center of the colony, and Trichoderma brevicompactum isolated from the Balluran area near Lattakia characterized by yellow colonies with concentric rings. Trichoderma citrinoviride had higher biodegradation activity, measured by degrading different tannins concentrations (2, 4, 6%) collected from Queircus coccifera from Bmelka area in Tartous in liquid medium and led to 85, 87 and 90% degradation, for the three concentrations, respectively, following 12 days incubation. The activity of the produced tannase was measured to be 37.9 units/mg. Whereas, the decomposition rate of the three tannin concentrations by Trichoderma brevicompactum reached 67, 80 , 89%, respectively, again after 12 days of incubation, with enzyme activity measured to be 35.2 units/mg. Keywords: Trichoderma, tannins, tannase, biodegradation, enzyme activit","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73156307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Study of the Effect of Some Factors on the Parasitoid, Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti), of the Olive Fruit Fly","authors":"Maath Zraiki, A. Bashir, G. Ibrahim","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-39.2.109115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.2.109115","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study was to study the effect of some influencing factors on Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitism, which is one of the most important insect parasitoids used in biological control of the olive fruit fly. The study was carried out at the Biological Control Studies and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University. Results obtained indicated that the parasitoid prefers the third larval instar, followed by the fully-grown larvae. The effect of olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit size on parasitism rate was quantified within one olive cultivar (Kaisi) and across four different olive cultivars (Mawi, Istanboli, Sorani and Kaisi, in increasing order of fruit size). Parasitism was examined under two different host distributions: variable distribution in which insect host density increased with decrease in olive fruit size; and uniform distribution in which insect host density was more or less similar across olive fruit sizes. The results obtained showed that the parasitism rate decreased as the size of the olive fruit increased. In addition, parasitism rate was influenced by the olive variety, olive fruit size and the age of the insect host larvae. Furthermore, the parasitoid preferred the third larval stage, thus it is recommended to release the parasitoid in commercial olive orchards at the time when the third larval stage of the olive fruit fly is prevalent, and such date could vary from one region to another. Keyword: Parasitoid, natural enemies, Kaisi variety, olive, Psyttalia","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88509038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An effective strategy to obtain very rapidly the red palm weevil decline in an area planted with ornamental palms","authors":"M. Ferry, R. Cousin, Daniel Chabernaud, F. Ferrero","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.188197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.188197","url":null,"abstract":"Ferry, M., R. Cousin, D. Chabernaud and F. Ferrero. 2019. An effective strategy to obtain very rapidly the red palm weevil decline in an area planted with ornamental palms. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 188-197. To control successfully the RPW, it is essential to implement a programme conceived and applied to obtain the pest decline as fast as possible. Such objective is easy to reach when RPW is not yet too widespread and abundant. Unfortunately, in most of the infested countries, it is not at all the case anymore. The challenge now is to propose strategies and technical solutions sociologically, economically and environmentally sustainable. In a territory of five grouped municipalities in the French Riviera, has been applied since 2016 a strategy elaborated by the Phoenix Research Station (PRS) and implemented under the supervision of the inter-municipality authority in charge of this territory (CAVEM). Although the area is heavily infested by the RPW, the objective is to demonstrate that it is possible in few years to stop the palms hecatomb and to obtain a rapid decline of the RPW (“palms” refer generally in this paper to Phoenix canariensis that is by far the main target and main incubator of the RPW). The main challenge, here like everywhere in the infested countries, is to get the palm owners acceptation to the proposed strategy and their collaboration. One essential point that has contributed greatly to face this challenge has been the existence of a very active association of private palms owners (Propalmes 83). To obtain the public and private palms owners collaboration it was fundamental that the proposed strategy be conceived taking into consideration the capacities and economic means of these actors. Therefore, the PRS proposed that CAVEM organize the activities to facilitate as much as possible their grouping to reduce the costs to a minimum. Among the different activities, the PRS proposed that preventive treatment based on an injection technique, because of its much lower cost and its great safety compared with other techniques, be the core of the action plan. This proposal is based on the results of a theoretical analysis presented here on the evolution of the number of new yearly infested palms. This analysis allowed establishing, with a probability of 95% for the confidence intervals, the number of new yearly infested palms based on the percentage of treated palms. The field results available for the CAVEM territory for 2016 and partially for 2017, confirm the validity of this analysis. These results showed that, if as planned, the objective of 75% of injected palms on the total number of palms is reached, the number of infested palms will decrease very quickly in 3-4 years, leading to a considerable decline of the native population of RPW and of the number and size of the infested spots, that in addition will be perfectly located. Once this result will be reached, it will become quite feasible to treat all the palms","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81525185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of insect pathogenic fungi on mortality and development of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)","authors":"W. Wakil, M. Usman, Sehrish Gulzar","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.198199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.198199","url":null,"abstract":"Wakil, W., M. Usman and S. Gulzar. 2019. Efficacy of insect pathogenic fungi on mortality and development of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier). Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 198-199. Fifteen different isolates of entomopathogenic fungi including Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae and Purpureocillium lilacinum were tested for their effectiveness against different developmental stages of red palm weevil R. ferrugineus. After 21 days of exposure, B. bassiana isolates (WG-23 and WG-25) caused 100% mortality in larvae while only WG-25 resulted in 100% mortality against R. ferrugineus adults. Furthermore, WG-25 reduced egg hatching up to 81.49% at 1 × 10 conidia ml.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75903378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier): Recent advances","authors":"F. González, Apdo. Heredia Costa Rica ChemTica Internacional S.A., Sayydeh Kharrat, C. Rodríguez, C. Calvo, A. Oehlschlager","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.178187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.178187","url":null,"abstract":"Gonzalez, F., S. Kharrat, C. Rodríguez, C. Calvo and A.C. Oehlschlager. 2019. Red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier): Recent advances. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 178-187. Red palm weevil (RPW, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is the most important pest of date and Canary palm in the Middle East, Europe and North Africa. An important management technique has been trapping using the male produced aggregation pheromone, a palm produced kairomone (usually ethyl acetate) and food. The latter needs replacement every 2-4 weeks to maintain good attraction to traps. The use of low service or serviceless traps is viewed by many as the next step in the evolution of the mass trapping technique. Recently a trap sold as the Electrap, has been introduced to the market as a dry, serviceless trap. Its alleged mechanism of action is based on the attraction of insects via electromagnetic radiation. According to the manufacturer, light emitted into the trap is focused into a resonance chamber containing pheromone and kairomone and from this chamber specific frequencies of electromagnetic radiation are emitted which contact the insect and result in its attraction to the trap. Generation of the attractive electromagnetic radiation is supposed to be due to mirrors on the internal sides of the chamber containing the pheromone and kairomone. In this study, we have examined the ElectrapTM with and without mirrors in the chamber and compared the effectiveness of the ElectrapTM vs the standard and modified bucket traps using R. palmarum as a surrogate organism. Our findings indicated that mirrors are not necessary for attraction of R. palmarum to the ElectrapTM and that “serviceless” bucket traps are equally attractive. We also determined that the performance of the ElectrapTM is due to retention of captured palm weevils by the bristle ring inside the conical entry point. Modification of side entry bucket traps by substitution of side entry by a conical entry point on the top results in better weevil retention. Top cone entry bucket traps retain water 3X better than side entry bucket traps. Additionally, we also present data for an \"attract and kill\" formulation tested against RPW in Malaysian coconut. The attract and kill formulation reduced monitoring trap captures in the test site by over 95% from pre-application and is effective for at least 9 months. Both cases represent new insights and research avenues to develop better control of palm weevils.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87867841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on service free semiochemical mediated technologies to control red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier based on trials in Saudi Arabia and India","authors":"J. R. Faliero, A. Al-Shawaf, H. A. El-Shafie, Samir Pai Raikar, P. O. Box Al-Hassa Saudi Arabia Dates, Valpoi Goa India Godrej Agrovet Limited","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.136142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.136142","url":null,"abstract":"Faleiro, J.R., A.-M. Al-Shawaf, H.A.F. El-Shafie and S. Pai Raikar. 2019. Studies on service free semiochemical mediated technologies to control red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier based on trials in Saudi Arabia and India. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 136-142. The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is key invasive pest causing wide spread damage to date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. in the middle east and north Africa where it is designated as a category-1 pest by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Food baited pheromone (ferrugineol) traps have been widely used to both monitor and mass trap adult RPW in palm based agro-ecosystems all over the world since early 1990s. However, due to inherent problems associated with the periodic replacement of the food bait and water (trap servicing) in the traditional pheromone trap, pheromone trapping in area wide IPM programmes to control the pest have become costly and unsustainable. This article presents an overview of the field studies were carried out in Saudi Arabia and India to evaluate service-less trapping techniques of RPW using i) trap free \"Attract and Kill\" technology and ii) dry trap designed on the principle of electromagnetic communication and olfaction in insects. While \"Attract and Kill\" studies were carried out in three locations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and one location in India, the dry trap was tested only in Saudi Arabia. Multiple field studies to evaluate \"Attract and Kill\" tools against RPW showed that large numbers of the adult weevils could be eliminated without the additional effort involved in the periodic servicing associated with the traditional food baited pheromone traps. Furthermore, comparative efficiency of the service-less dry pheromone trap against the traditional food baited traps, revealed that weevil captures in both the dry trap and the food baited traps were statistically similar. The above semiochemical mediated techniques offer sustainable trapping solutions for RPW management, and could be deployed especially in areas where the trap density has to be increased due to high weevil activity.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85112649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red palm weevil monitoring and early warning system","authors":"K. Cressman","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.203204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.203204","url":null,"abstract":"Cressman, K. 2019. Red palm weevil monitoring and early warning system. Arab Journal of Plant Protection,","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84253152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}