Annals of the history of computing最新文献

{"title":"The National Applied Mathematics Laboratories-A Prospectus","authors":"J. H. Curtis","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10008","url":null,"abstract":"A prospectus is herein set forth for a federal center of applied mathematics, to be operated as a division of the National Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce. The center is to be known as the National Applied Mathematics Laboratories. It will specialize in numerical and statistical analysis, and will undertake to offer various services in these fields, and carry on a broad program of research and training. Particular emphasis will be placed on the development of high-speed automatic computing machinery and the mathematical theory needed for its effective use. (1947)","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"8 1","pages":"13-18, 20-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Happenings","authors":"R. Maulucci","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10033","url":null,"abstract":"The Happenings department reports on events-past, present, and future-that are of particular interest to the history of computing. Of primary importance are recent meetings that are of historical significance. Few meetings concentrate so/e/y on history, but many contain sessions that can be recorded in this department. Organizers of historical sessions and meetings are urged to appoint a person with the specific responsibility of writing a report and submitting it to this department. They are further encouraged to tape-record sessions and to create a photographic record that can be deposited with one of the computer archival establishments, such as the Charles Babbage Institute, the Computer Museum, or the Smithsonian Institution. Conference planners are specifically referred to Appendix B, Conference Organization, in \" History of Programming Languages \" [i?ichard L. Wexelblat description of the preliminary steps that may be taken to obtain and record historical materials presented in a conference setting. This department will also present news and notices of forthcoming activities that are of historical value. These may include conferences, exhibits, projects, awards, publications, and general memorabilia. Contributions should consist of a brief description of the activity, highlighting its specific relevance. Finally, this department will contain citations of prominent dates in the history of computing. Readers are welcome to submit suggestions. These must include the day, month, and year of the event, and should be accompanied by a statement of the source used for verification. Included in the displays were three items which were of historical significance. The University of Iowa prepared a small presentation on the contributions of John A display concerning the development of the Atanasoff-Berry computer by the University of Iowa at the 1989 ACM Computer Science Conference. Vincent Atanasoff to the field, including some of the reconstructed pieces of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) which were prepared for the Honeywell versus Sperry-Rand suit (see Annals, Vol. 6, No. 3). A second display consisted of parts of a UNIVAC I which had been located in a garage and which is believed to have been the first nongovernment (or first industrial) system delivered. The display included the main console, a UNITYPER, UNITAPE, and a delay line memory unit. Examining the records of UNIVAC I installations, prepared by Carl Hammer for the 1981 NCC Pioneer Day held in Chicago, this would appear to be system number 8 which was shipped to General Electric Corporation in Louisville in January 1954. Hammer lists …","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"8 1","pages":"203-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75432842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Computer and the Brain","authors":"J. Brink, Editor C Roland Haden","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv39x60j.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv39x60j.12","url":null,"abstract":"The essays in this collection are selected and revised from presentations at an international symposium, “The Computer and the Brain,” held in commemoration of John von Neumann at Arizona State University in spring 1987. The first four essays are devoted to von Neumann’s life. In addition, the collection contains correspondence between von Neumann and Ortvay. The final two essays assess von Neumann’s contribution to the development of the computer, and give a survey over trends in the field after von Neumann’s early death.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"161-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68806494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of Computing in France","authors":"Pierre, E. MOUNIER-KUHN","doi":"10.1109/mahc.1989.10042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mahc.1989.10042","url":null,"abstract":"An overall view of the history of electronic computing in France could be based on four major dates, each of them being a turning point for most of the organizations, companies, and people involved. Our history starts in 1947-1948. In 1947, the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) concluded a contract with the Logabax Company to build Couffignal’s machine, the first electronic digital calculator designed in France. In the winter of 1947-1948, Francois-H. Raymond created the SEA (Societe d’Electronique et d’Automatisme). Meanwhile at the University of Grenoble, Jean Kuntzmann started courses in applied analysis, and a computing bureau equipped with desk calculators was established. In 1948 the management of the Compagnie des Machines Bull decided to invest in electronics. We can also mention that the same year the “Compagnie Electra-Comptable” hired its 1,OOOth employee and changed its name to IBM France. and economic‘ events also had their “sociological” side: in 1955, France had only a few scattered computer specialists (H. Boucher recalled, in his article to appear in a later issue), that he used to collect documents on American and British machines, and to write programs for them, without having actually seen a computer!); two years later a professional group was thriving, with its associations (AFCAL, AFRA), its publicity machine, and its journals (Automatisme and Chifies).","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"237-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/mahc.1989.10042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Study Questions & Answers","authors":"J. Sammet","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1987.10008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1987.10008","url":null,"abstract":"This department attempts to help people think about the history of computing in new ways, through the mechanism of questions, with answers on a separate page - thus permitting the reader to do self-testing. The answers list source material for further self-study on topics relating to the questions. Occasionally some questions will be used that have either no answers or controversial answers.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"5 1","pages":"407-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1987.10008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62440550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronics Technology and Computer Science, 1940-1975: A Coevolution","authors":"P. Ceruzzi","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1988.10036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10036","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the relation ship between two disciplines: electrical engineering and computer science, over the past 40 years. The author argues that it was the technology of electronics - the exploitation of the properties of free electrons - that finally permitted Babbage's concepts of automatic computing machines to be practically realized. Electrical Engineering (EE) activities thus \"took over\" and dominated the work of those involved with computing. Once that had been done (around the mid-1950s), the reverse takeover happened: the science of computing then \"took over\" the discipline of EE, in the sense that its theory of digital switches and separation of hardware and software offered EE a guide to designing and building ever more complex circuits.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"10 1","pages":"257-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Historical Overview of Computer Architecture","authors":"Richard E. Smith","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1988.10039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10039","url":null,"abstract":"Computer architecture concentrates on the logical aspects of computer design as opposed to the physical or electronic aspects. The underlying logical design of most modern computers is still based on that of the earliest electronic computers despite decades of progress in electronic circuitry. the innovations that have occurred in computer architecture have been driven by two different goals: higher performance and lower cost. Performance driven improvements have yielded computer systems with increasingly higher computation speeds and throughput. Cost driven improvements have yielded systems that are easier to use and applicable to a broader range of automatic control problems. Improvements in electronic circuitry have not led directly to architectural innovations; computers that pioneered new circuit technologies usually relied on older architectural concepts.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"31 1","pages":"277-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Museums and Archives","authors":"Michael R. Williams","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1988.10040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10040","url":null,"abstract":"This is a new section for the Annals. The Editors-in-Chief have decided to include it in this particular anniversary issue because it provides, in one place, a description of the activities of many of the major museums and archives that are actively concerned with the history of computing. No pretense to completeness is being made. Indeed there are several institutions that deserve space here, but have been left out for a number of different practical reasons. I have, with assistance, managed to obtain information from nine of the largest institutions in America, Britain, and Europe. I welcome future submissions from other organizations and will attempt to provide “update” information from time to time on the ones that are currently planning to open new exhibits or are acquiring new and significant artifacts, manuscripts, or records. The major museums and archives often engage in a number of different activities and the designation of “museum” or “archive” is sometimes blurred. For example, the IEEE Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, while primarily an archive, prepares traveling exhibits; the National Museum of American History, primarily a museum, has a large archive which not only consists of traditional papers but also contains the many oral histories collected by the AFIPS Computer History Project in the 1960s and 1970s. We hope to be able to provide more in-depth accounts of these “sideline” aspects of our major institutions in some future issues.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"32 1","pages":"305-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charles Babbage's Table of Logarithms (1827)","authors":"M. Campbell-Kelly","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1988.10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10023","url":null,"abstract":"In 1827 Charles Babbage published his Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers, from 1 to 108,000. His logarithms were generally considered to be the most accurate in his day and were reprinted on numerous occasions, well into the 20th century. This paper describes Babbage's motivation for producing the tables, and the measures taken to ensure their accuracy. An assessment is given of Babbage's contribution to the art of table making.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"10 1","pages":"159-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Babbage and Aiken","authors":"I. Cohen, C. Babbage, H. Aiken","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1988.10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10029","url":null,"abstract":"Because Howard H. Aiken expressed such an admiration for the ideas of Charles Babbage, the machine he conceived - brought into being through the engineering talents of IBM (the Mark I or ASCC) - is often cited as an example of Babbage's dream come true. This article explores the depth and extent of Aiken's knowledge of Babbage's ideas, the stage of his own thinking when he first encountered Babbage's writings, and the way in which he found out about Babbage.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"10 1","pages":"171-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1988.10029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}