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The Nazification of German physicians, 1918-1937. 德国医生的纳粹化，1918-1937。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1998-10-01
E Cohen
{"title":"The Nazification of German physicians, 1918-1937.","authors":"E Cohen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physicians were the most over-represented academic profession in the Third Reich. They participated in the Nazi programs of forced sterilization, systematic euthanasia, human experimentation, and mass genocide. Recent research has shifted from documenting the atrocities committed by medical professionals to elucidating the process by which the German medical community became integrated into the Nazi state. The Nazi doctrine attracted a profession in economic and political distress during the Weimar Republic. It drew physicians into its movement by appealing to the medical profession's pride and prosperity in the context of a philosophy that glorified contemporary medical practice. Physicians were attracted to the Nazi party's biologically based tenets that championed biomedical solutions to social problems. They perceived the Nazi regime as instrumental in improving their incomes, reducing unemployment by purging the profession of Jewish physicians, neutralizing the insurance bureaucracy, and re-structuring the profession. The Nazi government's popularity among doctors peaked in 1937, by which time physicians had already played an integral role in the orchestration of the Nazi state.</p>","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"31 7","pages":"336-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22068574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The case for non-heart-beating organ donation. 非心脏器官捐赠的案例。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1998-06-01
F R Sutherland, J P Krcek
{"title":"The case for non-heart-beating organ donation.","authors":"F R Sutherland,&nbsp;J P Krcek","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"31 4","pages":"175-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22067470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pediatricians' experience of ethical dilemmas in practice: implications for education. 儿科医生在实践中道德困境的经验:对教育的启示。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1998-03-01
N Kenny, J Leblanc, K Mann
{"title":"Pediatricians' experience of ethical dilemmas in practice: implications for education.","authors":"N Kenny,&nbsp;J Leblanc,&nbsp;K Mann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine Canadian pediatricians' experience with ethical dilemmas, to relate this information to proposed curriculum for residency training in Canada, and to determine pediatricians' self-assessment of adequacy of training in ethical issues and the means used in practice to resolve dilemmas.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A single-pass questionnaire was mailed to all 1,220 pediatrician members of the Canadian Pediatric Society.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 363 questionnaires (30 per cent) that were returned, 43 per cent of respondents had received formal ethics education in their training. Approximately half of respondents judged their training as adequate. Responses confirmed the themes of futile treatment, demands for and refusal of treatment by parents, uncertainty regarding withdrawing or withholding treatments, conflicts over judgments about the right thing to do, and dilemmas regarding the role of the child and adolescent. Respondents relied mainly on informal discussion with colleagues to resolve their dilemmas in practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Core residency and continuing physician education need a valid epidemiological description of ethical issues encountered in practice. Educational approaches to the development of ethical knowledge, skills, and attitudes must be validated as there is a tendency to rely on case precedent and peer judgment. Perceived competence in handling ethical issues and dilemmas must be tested against accepted standards. Emerging ethical issues such as resource allocation, peer review, managed care, and technological and scientific advances must be regularly incorporated into both residency education and continuing medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"31 2","pages":"93-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22090523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The altruistic medical researcher. 无私的医学研究者。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1997-12-01
C Polychronakos
{"title":"The altruistic medical researcher.","authors":"C Polychronakos","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"30 8","pages":"483-4; author reply 484-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22090522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The cultural context of ethical problems. 伦理问题的文化背景。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1997-10-01
J Last
{"title":"The cultural context of ethical problems.","authors":"J Last","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"30 7","pages":"397-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22090521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The altruistic medical researcher: gone and forgotten? 无私的医学研究者:消失并被遗忘?
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1997-09-01
H P von Schroeder
{"title":"The altruistic medical researcher: gone and forgotten?","authors":"H P von Schroeder","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With increasing economic, political, and bureaucratic involvement in research, there is little focus on the medical researcher's idealistic and benevolent intentions. Benevolence is a pillar of ethical human-subjects research, and altruism is a form of benevolence that is difficult to quantify. It is interest in the welfare of others without personal benefit. This article examines the extent of altruism in medical research from philosophical, psychological, and practical points of view. With the emergence of experimental human trials in the first half of the century, the fame and recognition of physicians largely precluded altruistic motivation. From the philosophical perspective, altruism is at best an optional moral principle. It is not evident in ethical guidelines. In the scientific process, altruism can exist only in ethical and properly designed research. Egoism, scientific misconduct, and conflicts of interest undermine it; but altruism is also a potential solution for these problems. Research is not globally oriented and has an unjust distribution. In an evolutionary model, altruism cannot thrive due to its lack of rewards and feedback, particularly in the economic climate of today's science. Anonymity is decreasing, selfishness is increasing. Research has become an industry, and virtuous ideals are a romantic notion. If we use altruism as an indicator, then its rarity and fragility indicate research's unhealthy state.</p>","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"30 6","pages":"353-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22065146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Narrative ethics: a means to enrich medical education. 叙事伦理:丰富医学教育的手段。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1997-06-01
E Flagler
{"title":"Narrative ethics: a means to enrich medical education.","authors":"E Flagler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of literature and medicine enriches the humanistic skills of medical students and physicians. In particular, the study of medical ethics through the lens of narrative enlightens the moral imagination, and provokes moral reflection. In this article, examples will be discussed with the analysis of two books used in a medical-ethics curriculum.</p>","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"30 4","pages":"217-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22067469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Values, health, and health care. 价值观，健康和医疗保健。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1997-04-01
N P Kenny
{"title":"Values, health, and health care.","authors":"N P Kenny","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The National Forum on Health was established to provide advice to the federal government on future directions for health and health care in Canada. The forum was committed to base its assessments on the twin pillars of values and evidence. To clarify the value base for policy recommendations, the values committee of the forum reviewed all available data from opinion polls, surveys, and values research relating to Canadians and health issues for the last 25 years. Original research was developed using the focus-group method to analyse a structured set of questions presented in video format such as Stories of Choice. The results of the retrospective review and contemporary research confirmed the endurance of basic values such as equity, equality in accessibility, quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and compassion. It further identified emerging values regarding personal and public accountability, and broadening visions of health.</p>","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"30 3","pages":"144-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22067467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advance directives: principles, problems, and solutions for physicians. 预先指示:医生的原则、问题和解决办法。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1997-04-01
B F Hoffman, A Humniski
{"title":"Advance directives: principles, problems, and solutions for physicians.","authors":"B F Hoffman,&nbsp;A Humniski","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the passage of recent legislation, the appearance of common-law reports in Canada and the United States, and the practical problems of implementation of advance directives in health care, physicians should understand the principles and issues involved. In this article, the advantages, disadvantages, and practical solutions to the problems are explored. Family physicians, geriatricians, neurologists, and psychiatrists are most likely to be consulted about advance directives in health care.</p>","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"30 3","pages":"169-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22067468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethics teaching and learning in pediatric training: development of a curriculum. 儿科培训中的伦理教学与学习:课程的开发。
Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) Pub Date : 1997-03-01
S E Tallett, J Belik, R I Hilliard, N P Kenny, M Rowell, A Lynch
{"title":"Ethics teaching and learning in pediatric training: development of a curriculum.","authors":"S E Tallett,&nbsp;J Belik,&nbsp;R I Hilliard,&nbsp;N P Kenny,&nbsp;M Rowell,&nbsp;A Lynch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada has stated that residency programs \"must provide opportunities for residents to gain an understanding of the basic principles of biomedical ethics as it relates to the specialty.\" This article presents the steps taken to develop a curriculum for teaching and learning biomedical ethics in Canadian pediatric residency programs, and to provide a model for teaching ethics in this context. Using literature reviews, and opinion surveys of departmental chairpersons, pediatric residents, and practising pediatricians across Canada, we have developed a teachers' handbook to help faculty members in teaching ethics. It can also be used as a tool to enhance faculty development in ethics. The manual is to be distributed to all pediatric training programs throughout Canada in 1997, and its use will be evaluated over the subsequent year. It offers a prototype that is adaptable to Royal College programs other than pediatrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":80483,"journal":{"name":"Annals (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada)","volume":"30 2","pages":"103-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22090520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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