The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Implementation of Solar-PV Inverter as STATCOM during Nighttime in Grid-Connected System (PV-STATCOM)","authors":"I. Tamrakar, Kishor Joshi, P. Karki, Sagar Bimali, T. Aryal","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32762","url":null,"abstract":"Grid-connected PV-system generates active power only during daytime and it remains completely idle or sleeping during nighttime. In an interconnected power system balance between active and reactive power consumption and generation is very essential to maintain the frequency and voltage constant. The current trend is that the reactive Power is either supplied by generators or by separate reactive Power compensators such and shunt capacitor, STATCOM, etc. If the grid needs reactive power during night time, the sleeping inverter of the solar-PV system can be used as a reactive power generator without exceeding the volt-amp rating of the inverter and this scheme is named PV-STATCOM in this paper. This paper presents the concept of PV-STATCOM and its control logic. The inverter of the grid-connected Solar-PV system acts as an active power generator during daytime and reactive power generator during nighttime. The proposed scheme is simulated in MATLAB Simulink and the simulation results are presented. The simulation result shows that the proposed control logic for PVSTATCOM works satisfactorily.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":"411-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74186422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Household Energy Usage Patterns in Urban and Rural Areas of Nepal","authors":"D. K. Shahi, H. Rijal, M. Shukuya","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32761","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, the household’s energy demand has increased significantly in various countries including Nepal. In the case of Nepal, 94% of energy use is in the domestic sector. There is a possibility of a huge increase in electricity production, but we are still suffering from load shedding due to the high electricity demand. Electricity use is an important factor for the quality of life and development of a nation. There is not a sufficient number of researches done about electricity consumption in different climatic regions of Nepal which are analyzed by the income level of residents. This study gives descriptive information on the household’s energy uses patterns and investigates the electricity use rate, using electrical appliances in households. This study also identifies the major source of energy use and awareness of energy use. The data were collected from 442 households in three regions in the winter season of 2018. Kalikot is a rural area, Chitwan is a semi-urban, and Kathmandu is an urban area. We have collected electricity bills, family income, and family size, electricity using appliances, expenditure for energy and energy use for heating/cooling, cooking, and lighting. The electricity was used only for lighting purposes in the rural area, but other electrical appliances were used in semi-urban and urban areas. The amount of electricity use has not affected by household income level in the rural area, but it has affected in semiurban and urban areas. The level of education affects the use of the LED significantly. This study would be helpful to know the electricity use patterns which is useful for energy saving and energy management of the rural and urban areas of Nepal.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"402-410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90937988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Bus Accessibility and its Implications in Energy and Environment: A Case Study of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Anita Prajapati, T. Bajracharya, Nawraj Bhattarai, Yngve Frøyen","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32190","url":null,"abstract":"Growing demand for transport activities has raised numerous transport problems, mainly traffic congestion, environmental and energy issues. Efficient public bus services can be one of the sustainable solutions for meeting local transport demands. But the inefficient operation of public bus services in most of the developing countries has worsened the situation. The multiple service providers, in such open market, compete with each other for their own benefits by adding the number of bus services rather than providing excellent services to users. Accordingly, the number of buses increases that result in higher energy demand and GHG emission. This paper thus aims to analyze the impact of such informal and unregulated transport system prevalent in most of the developing countries focusing mainly on energy and the environment point of views. The study is carried out for the case of Kathmandu valley where the public bus service is owned and operated by multiple service providers. ArcGIS is used to model a public bus network using data available from an open street map. Potential Impact on energy and environment is analyzed using energy modeling tool LEAP. Results show that considerable improvement in energy and emissions can be achieved by improving the public bus services. This paper thus highlights the need for investment in improving access to good public bus services for the sustainable transport planning of the valley.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76631066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical and Economic Assessment for the Promotion of Non- Carbonized Pellets in MSME Sector in Nepal","authors":"Suyesh Prajapati, A. Malla, N. Adhikari, Shubha Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32191","url":null,"abstract":"Pellets are densified biomass fuel compatible for household as well as industrial use. Pellets can be potentially used as an alternative fuel source in many medium, small and micro enterprises (MSME) such as dairy, dyeing, laundry, khoa making, pickle making, yogurt making, soap making enterprises etc. in Nepal. Despite of the presence of large number of such industries and abundant biomass resources, production and application of pellets as a fuel source is almost non-existent in Nepal. Hence, to assess the benefits of using pellets as alternative fuel, an applied research of pellets application was carried out in a dyeing industry. Energy, environment and economic performances of the dyeing industry was compared between the baseline scenario of utilizing sawdust and wood chips mixture in loose form with that of non-carbonized pellets application as an alternative fuel. Results showed decrease in specific energy consumption by 6% on utilizing non-carbonized pellets compared to baseline. In terms of the environmental performance, emission of CO decreased from 100 Mg/L to 10 Mg/L and CO2 emission decreased from 7.5% to 4%. Similarly, suspended particulate matter (SPM) emission decreased from 37.4 mg/Nm3 to 14.8 mg/Nm3 but the negligible increment of NO2 emission was observed. However, emission of SO2 increased significantly from 3.3μgm/m3 to 33.7μgm/m3. High Sulphur content was found in the pellet which could be from the lubrication used in the pellet machine, but this could not be confirmed. The economic analysis revealed that the energy cost was almost twice with pellet application which was mainly because of the higher cost of imported pellets. If the production could be initiated in Nepal, utilizing the abundantly available local biomass resources, the cost could be considerably lowered thus making use of such fuel economically feasible.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"7 2","pages":"261-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72467646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in Climate Resilient Approach and SDG 7","authors":"R. Khanal, S. Shakya, T. Bajracharya","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32230","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy can contribute to adaptation to climate change, mitigation and development and may play an important role in resilient development ambition of Nepal. It has been emphasized in Nepal's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and climate change policy but its potential impact on SDGs era has not been fully explored and implemented. The study used employed energy system modelling by using optimization software, reviewed literature and interacted with various experts. It has been found that renewable energy technologies (RETs) provide socio-economic and environmental benefits to people that contribute to adopting and ensuring a better adaptation to climate change based on the local context. They contribute to adaptation processes by contributing to reducing the vulnerability of people, improving adaptive capacity, and minimizing climate change risk in line with SDG 7. But these are not without challenges either. Financial, technical, institutional, policy and legal issues are major challenges to promote RETs. This study shows that theoretically altogether 4.45 million tons of CO2e of the GHG emission can be mitigated per year if all the remaining technical potential of deploying seven major RETs consisting of biogas, improved water mill, stand-alone micro-hydro plants, mini-grid micro-hydro plants, solar PV home systems, mud-ICS and metal-ICS were installed after 2012. Considering the average annual installation of these RETs, altogether 30.71 million tons of CO2e can be mitigated between the periods of 2013 to 2030 at an annual additional installation equal to average installation done in recent past three years. The initial technology investment required for implementing the above mentioned RETs ranges from NRs 97 to NRs 23,247 per ton of CO2e mitigation. This indicates that though a moderate level of the initial investment is required for promoting RETs, the GHG mitigation potential seems to be quite promising. There is no liberty of inaction, so RETs can be a good case for a triple win strategy to address mitigation – adaptation – development nexus for climate compatible development in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"55 1","pages":"393-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82172814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar Greenhouse as an Energy Alternative Solution for Growing Vegetable in High Altitude Region: A Case of Baragaon, Mustang","authors":"Diptesh Pandey","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32187","url":null,"abstract":"In cold and dry high desert climate such as in Mustang, Manang or Dolpa growing green vegetables is a challenging task despite solar radiation throughout the whole year. Harsh and snowy winter, turbulent wind, limited availability of arable lands and water impedes plant growth. Solar greenhouse (SGH) is a renewable energy-based alternative for growing vegetables in these zones round the year in surplus quantity. At present, a large quantity of vegetables is purchased from nearby market towns (Pokhara and Beni) at double the price. Promotion of greenhouse vegetable farming has not only potential to relieve local people from such financial burden but can even create new business opportunities. As vegetables produced at these altitudes use only organic manure, their quality is desirable for a market where demand for organic products is constantly increasing. From a literature study of SGH cases in Ladakh, Humla and Khumbu region it was found that varieties of vegetables could be grown even during winter when temperatures drop to -25°C. For instance, owners of specially designed SGHs in Ladakh ate eight times the volume of vegetables they had eaten prior to acquiring these SGHs and have seen their incomes rise by 30%. The following article presents a study on SGH possibilities for vegetable farming in the Baragaon rural municipality of Mustang district, applying methods such as observations, informal interviews and stakeholder inclusion. Currently, there exists only rudimentary samples of plastic greenhouses in most villages, where only green leafy vegetables grow during winter. During summer, vegetable growth is conducted in open fields rather than inside the greenhouses. This is mainly due to their overheating caused by lack of ventilation. In Chhengor, one of the villages in Baragaon, organic farming is already taking a promising leap towards organic vegetable business. After discussion with farmers and other stakeholders appropriate design of SGH seems a good solution for durability of SGH structure and to ensure that varieties of vegetables grow in surplus quantity round the year. The article presents possibilities for SGH design and discuses factors for SGH establishment such as affordability, monitoring and maintenance. Additionally, it pinpoints infrastructural support such as agriculture policy at local level, for example in forms of subsidies and training of farmers to grant successful implementation of SGH approaches for high altitude settlements.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"234-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89681454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Behavioural Adaptation for the Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving in Japanese Offices","authors":"H. Rijal, M. Humphreys, J. F. Nicol","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32206","url":null,"abstract":"Office workers use a variety of adaptive opportunities to regulate their indoor thermal environment. The behavioural adaptations such as window opening, clothing adjustments, heating/cooling use are one of the important factors for the adaptive thermal comfort. It is well-known that they are the most important contributors in the adaptive thermal comfort model. Thus, if we understand the behavioural adaptation properly, we can explain the mechanism of the adaptive model. In addition, the indoor thermal environment is often adjusted using the air conditioning in Japanese office building to improve the thermal comfort and productivity. Thus, it is necessary to conduct research on the behavioural adaptation in the offices because the occupant behavior is different to the dwellings. \u0000In order to record the seasonal differences in behavioural adaptation and to develop an adaptive algorithm for Japanese offices, we measured temperatures in 11 office buildings and conducted the thermal comfort and occupant behaviour survey for over a year in Japanese offices. We collected 4,660 samples from about 1350 people. \u0000The proportion of ‘open window’ in the free running mode (neither heating or cooling being used) is significantly higher than that of the air-conditioned mode. The behavioural adaptation is related to the outdoor air temperature. The behavioural adaptation predicted by the regression analysis is in good agreement with the measured data. These findings can be applied to the building thermal simulation to predict the behavioural adaptation and energy use in office buildings.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88991446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Solar Powered Irrigation Technology Sustainable Option for Groundwater Irrigation Management in Nepal’s Terai?","authors":"Bhesh Raj Thapa, B. Paudel, R. Karki, Manita Raut, M. Scobie, E. Schmidt","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32214","url":null,"abstract":"The most densely populated Terai Plains of Nepal with poor access to irrigation water in the dry season resulting the food insecure community. Several initiatives have been carried out to improve the irrigation facilities by extracting the ground water resources using solar, diesel, and grid operated electric pumps. Sustainability of all those initiatives and identifying the most viable solution is always in question. In this context, this study attempts to assess the cost effectiveness of these pumping technologies considering life cycle cost (LCC) in the context of Terai region of Nepal. Observation, Key informant interview (KII), in depth interview, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were conducted in 14 different sample sites to assess the performance of technology, life cycle cost and unit water cost (UWC) in different capacity utilization factors (CUFs), farmer’s perception, affordability, and profitability. The characteristics considered while selecting the sample sites were of size of pumping system, date of installation, beneficiary households, grid situation, solar vendor, implementing organization, major application of solar pumped water, and major cost associated. Low utilization factor of solar pumps has been observed in almost all sites. Solar pumps become expensive than diesel pump, if it is operated at less than 45% CUF. Grid operated electric pumps are found cost effective than diesel and solar, if gridline is near to pump site. If solar pump is operated at 10% CUF, the per unit water cost is NPR. 24.4, and the cost is reduced to NPR. 2.83, if it is operated at 90% CUF. Solar pumps need to be operated at least 700 hours per year to compete with diesel pump. The payback period for solar pump was calculated considering cost per unit of water at three different price NRs 5.51, 7.92, and 10 and found as 6.97, 4.1, and 3.14 year respectively for 70% utilization factor. High upfront cost of solar powered system, poor access to financing and technology seems to be hindering factor to popularize the system. Effective supply chain network, easy access to repairing service, introduction of cash crops instead of traditional crops, promotion of micro irrigation techniques, better access to finance and technology, operation of solar pump at high CUF through grid connection to sell/buy surplus/deficit energy, and subsidized price of solar operated irrigation technology could help to become solar powered techniques as sustainable option in near future to popularize and easy operation for irrigation water management in Terai Region of Nepal. However, Government needs to formulate and implement the policy for utilization and overexploitation of groundwater resources with expansion of solar, diesel, and electric operated pumps in near future to make groundwater resources sustainable.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"334-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83145808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Study on Adaptive Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Secondary School Buildings in Nepal","authors":"Mishan Shrestha, H. Rijal, M. Shukuya","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32212","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the classroom in Nepalese school buildings are thermally less acceptable due to the poor thermal insulation. They are extreme cold in winter and extreme hot in summer season leading for the discomfort in classroom. Thermally uncomfortable classroom causes the negative impact in the academic performance of students. Therefore, there should be serious attention to improve the indoor thermal environment of classroom. There are limited indoor thermal environment studies conducted in Nepalese residential buildings but not at all in school buildings yet. This study investigated the students’ perceptions on thermal comfort inside the classroom of secondary school buildings during the autumn season of 2017 in a temperate climate (Dhading, Kathmandu and Nuwakot districts) of Nepal. 22 classrooms (33 students in average in each class) of 8 school buildings with a total of 818 students aged 12-18 years, 329 (40%) males and 489 (60%) females were participated in the survey. The two simultaneous surveys: questionnaire survey and thermal measurement survey were conducted during the regular lesson periods in each classroom. Students voted at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the class in minutes’ lecture. About 76% responses were found to be in either of slightly cold, neutral or slightly hot. The results show that the comfort temperature of students was around 28 °C, 26°C and 24°C in Dhading, Kathmandu and Nuwakot districts, respectively. However, the mean comfort temperature and preferred temperature was found to be around 27 °C and 26 °C respectively. The findings of this study may hopefully invoke the awareness of the school building designers, teachers and students to maintain the thermally comfortable school buildings without using mechanical system.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"86 1","pages":"317-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88112600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Indicators for Localizing Environmental Goals at Sub National and Local Level in Nepal","authors":"E. Sigdel, M. Keitsch","doi":"10.3126/jie.v15i3.32210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32210","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal, as a member of the United Nations, is committed to achieve the global initiatives of Sustainable Development Agenda by 2030. Toward translating the commitment into action, Nepal has produced preliminary SDGs Report in 2015, even before the formal adoption of the 2030. Moreover, Voluntary National Review Report, Sustainable Development Goals, Status and Roadmap: 20162030, and Sustainable Development Goals 2016-2030 National (Preliminary) Report were developed. Further, Nepal has initiated mainstreaming the 2030 Agenda into national policies and plans. The 14th periodic plan, the national budget, and other sectoral plans have been closely aligned with the SDGs and the approach paper for 15th five-year plan is intended to achieve the SDG. The upcoming 15th periodic plan will basically aim to support the government in achieving all the SDGs by 2030 and help Nepal emerge as a middleincome country by 2030. The indicators comprise of renewable energy for electricity and vehicles, injuries due to disaster (number), greenhouse gases, adaptation plans, trained man power, climate change educations, and climate smart villages and farming are identified as indicators under climate and energy goals. Similarly, under forest goals proportion of forest land, forest under community-based management (% of total dense forest areas), protected area (including forest, in % of total land area), handover of forests to leasehold forest groups (000 hectare), wild tigers (number), rhino (number) etc are included. Likewise, conservation of lakes, wetlands, and ponds (number) and potentially dangerous lakes (%) are included under fresh water goals. However, there was no scientific basis how the indicators were derived for the environmental goals. In this backdrop, a study in identifying site specific, measurable, time bound, relevant and attainable indicators was paramount. Based on the secondary literature review, stakeholder consultation at sub national and local level, the indicators were verified and suggested strategies that help localizing the environmental indicators at sub-national and local level in Nepal. The study was therefore centered on reviewing the environmental indicators and suggest appropriate strategies so that it helps expediting localization of SDG in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":80219,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering","volume":"58 1","pages":"304-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84797053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}