Anti-Infective Agents最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization in vitro antimicrobial evaluation and in silico approach of molecular docking of pyrazole based pyrimidine and pyrazolone motifs","authors":"N. Desai, A. Khasiya, B. Dave, V. Khedkar","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220616105540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220616105540","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In the past few decades, mankind is suffering from tormented life-threatening infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. As a result, new antimicrobial classes with distinct modes of action are required to combat multidrug-resistant infections.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The pyrazole-based pyrimidine and pyrazolone motifs were synthesized, characterized, and screened for their antimicrobial activity. Molecular docking was carried out for the development of antimicrobial agents based on the results of biological activity obtained.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000: We have synthesized a new series of pyrazole containing pyrimidine-pyrazolone hybrids by using multi-step reactions in the search of antimicrobial agents (7a-o). The structures were determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy techniques. Moreover, synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity by using serial Broth dilution method.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Antimicrobial activity of synthesized compounds has been tested against bacterial and fungal strains. Compound 7o was most effective against S. aureus with MIC = 0.096 M/mL. A molecular docking study against microbial DNA gyrase revealed important information about the mechanisms underlying antimicrobial efficacy. Through significant interactions with active site residues, all of the compounds were able to dock well into the enzyme's active site. Furthermore, Compounds 7a (0.531 M/mL), 7b (0.456 M/mL), and 7m (0.485 M/mL) showed excellent antifungal activity against C. albicans compared to the positive control griseofulvin.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000It has been concluded that compounds containing electron-donating groups are found to be most active against bacterial strains while compounds having both electron-donating as well as electron-withdrawing groups are most favorable for antifungal activity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45883465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of hexane extracts from the roots of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata","authors":"Lyna Benhamidat, M. A. Dib, O. Bensaid, Assia Keniche, Ibtisem El Ouar, A. Muselli","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220610113750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220610113750","url":null,"abstract":"In herbal medicine, Centaurea are used in the treatment of many diseases such as dizziness, headaches, reduce inflammatory pain and liver disease. The roots of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata have not yet been studied for biological properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of hexane extracts of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata roots, and their major component, aplotaxene.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The hexane extract was prepared by the maceration process and identified by GC and GC-MS. Aplotaxene was isolated by flash chromatography. The Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, the β-carotene bleaching and FRAP methods. Anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by egg albumin denaturation assay and the neuroprotective activity was assessed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The chemical composition of hexane extract of Centaurea pullata was mainly represented by non-terpenic compounds such as Aplotaxene (80.3%), while, hexane extract of Centaurea acaulis was characterized by high levels of Aplotaxene (56.9%), 9-oxabicyclo(6,1,0)nonane (9.2%), Caryophyllene oxide (8.3%) and Isocaryophyllene (6.0%). The hexane extracts of the two Centaurea showed very good antioxidant activities with all three methods. Aplotaxene has shown excellent antioxidant activity compared to BHT and ascorbic acid. Centaurea acaulis hexane extract showed very high anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 0.76 mg/L in the egg albumin denaturation test compared to diclofenac (IC50 of 1.01 mg/L). The extract of Centaurea pullata and Aplotaxene showed an interesting anti-inflammatory activity with IC50s of 1.72 and 1.36 mg/L, but which remains lower than that of diclofenac sodium. The neuroprotective activity of Centurea pullata and Centaurea acaulis extracts, and Aplotaxene did not show inhibition against AChE, whereas they inhibited BChE with IC50 values of 92.3, 583, and 81.5 mg/L, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Further analysis is still needed to further demonstrate the biological efficacy of Centaurea acaulis and Centaurea pullata extracts and Aplotaxene.","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46676300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Viral Load Suppression on CD4+ T-cell count and BMI following combine Antiretroviral Therapy (cART): preliminary findings in a resource poor setting","authors":"O. Balogun, B. Shuaib, Usman Abdulrasheed Usman, A. Yusuf","doi":"10.2174/1573404819666220602110733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573404819666220602110733","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Immunological CD4+ T cell gain is representative of an effective response to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-infected persons. Nevertheless, baseline clinical and socio-demographic factors are significant moderators of this response.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study investigates the impact of viral suppression on immune reconstitution and body mass index (BMI) following ART initiation in Zaria, a resource-poor subpopulation in Northwestern Nigeria.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A hospital-based prospective study was conducted among 44 cART-naïve HIV-positive individuals. BMI, CD4 counts and viral load were measured using standard methods at baseline and six months after initiation of cART.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000There was no significant difference in the CD4+ T-cell count at baseline and 6 months on cART along the different categories (C: < 200 cells/mm3, B: 200-499 cell/mm3, A: >500 cell/mm3). However, ~90% of subjects in category C had immunological failure 6 months on cART. The number of subjects with viral copies < 1000/ml at baseline was 7(16%), while at 6 months on cART the number increased to 35(80%), P<0.05. Viral suppression (VL copies <1000/ml) was significantly correlated with immune recovery (CD4 count > 200 cell/mm3) in obese individuals (P<0.02). There was a significant association between subjects with CD4+ count < 200 cells/mm3 after 6 months on ART and having a baseline VL copies of <1000/ml and low BMI (aOR 2.2 and 2.4 respectively, p≤0.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings from this study suggest a high prevalence of paradoxical VL suppression but not immune CD4 gain in the studied subjects following cART. Larger studies are needed to corroborate these findings.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46453406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disulfiram: A Repurposed Drug in Preclinical and Clinical Development for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases.","authors":"Marco M Custodio,&nbsp;Jennifer Sparks,&nbsp;Timothy E Long","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220104104747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220104104747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reviews preclinical and clinical studies on the repurposed use of disulfiram (Antabuse) as an antimicrobial agent. Preclinical research covered on the alcohol sobriety aid includes uses as an anti-MRSA agent, a carbapenamase inhibitor, antifungal drug for candidiasis, and treatment for parasitic diseases due to protozoa (<i>e.g.</i>, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria) and helminthes (<i>e.g.</i>, schistosomiasis, trichuriasis). Past, current, and pending clinical studies on disulfiram as a post-Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) therapy, an HIV latency reversal agent, and intervention for COVID-19 infections are also reviewed..</p>","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9245773/pdf/nihms-1818073.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9928500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Efficacy of Polyherbal formulation Kabasura kudineer against common viral fevers – A perspective review","authors":"K. S. Jeyarajaguru, Selvaraj Kunjiappan, Hemapriya Sundaresan, Subikshaa Mahesh, Gowshiki Srinivasan","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220527102858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220527102858","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000COVID-19 viral infection is a worldwide pandemic that created a major concern regarding the need for a suitable drug candidate for viral infections. The entire scientific community is putting up their entire efforts and research to find a proper cure for this. The traditional Indian Siddha system of medicine is one of the oldest forms of medicine which includes medicine, Varma, alchemy, yoga, and rejuvenation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Kabasura kudineer is one of the Siddha herbal preparations that are being recommended by the State government of Tamilnadu, India for protection against COVID-19. It is recommended due to its claims to have anti-viral properties and other numerous health benefits.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This article provides a thorough examination of the Kabasurakudineer which is a polyherbal formulation comprising 15 powerful ancient Indian herbals in it that possess various potential phytochemicals providing numerous therapeutic activities. Also, the review highlights the most important therapeutic benefits of this formulation like anti-viral properties along with other activities such as immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, anti-asthmatic, etc.,\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The role of Kabasurakudineer against viral diseases especially the recent COVID-19 is tremendous and there is a need to enhance further research on this powerful formulation to make it more efficient and useful to the entire people community.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43895593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational studies and Biological Evaluation on Synthesized Lead 1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole moiety as Anti-Infective agents","authors":"E. Manickavalli, N. Kiruthiga, L. Vivekanandan, A. Roy, T. Sivakumar","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220523153545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220523153545","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Chronic non communicable diseases were interlinked with inflammation and infections should response to starting core of major diseases in both acute and chronic conditions. In drug discovery, development of a drug which acts as anti-infective agents (anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory) must be ideal and challenging for management of many chronic diseases.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this study, six lead pyrazoline hybrids were synthesized by cyclization of chalcones and characterized by various spectroscopic and elemental analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity by computational tools and biological evaluation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Synthesized pyrazoline analogues were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for prediction of pharmacokinetics, physicochemical properties and Molecular docking studies of various targeted enzymes on microbial and inflammatory mediators. Those compounds were screened by anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities by several in-vitro and in-vivo methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The synthesized compounds (A1-A6) were screened for anti-inflammatory activity in which compound A2 produced effective percentage inhibition (45.8 %) potent activity compared with that of standard indomethacin (49.7 %) in carrageenan paw edema method were observed. The anti-microbial activity was screened on synthesized compounds, among which A3 [2-(1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) phenol, A2 [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole] produced potential percentage zone of inhibition between 80 - 70 % for bacterial strains and 94 - 89 % for fungal strains were observed. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of those compounds were 1.56 to 6.25 µg/ml for bacterial strains and 1.56 to 12.5 µg/ml for fungal strains were noted compared with the standard gatifloxacin and clotrimazole, respectively. The molecular docking, pharmacokinetics and toxicity predictions on those compounds were supported further for the development of potent anti-infective agents.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The hypothesis of this research was correlated with the results of anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity. The binding interactions of respective enzymes were coincided with reduction of paw edema in anti-inflammatory model and zone of inhibition in anti-microbial activity were observed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68180388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico studies of Plant-Derived Bioactive compounds of Wedelia species","authors":"N. Rani, Randhir Singh, Praveen Kumar","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220517094604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220517094604","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In India, several types of plants have been researched for the treatment of various ailments. Wedelia species, which belongs to the Asteraceae family, is one of the wonder plants that has been utilised in Unani, Ayurvedic, and Homeopathic treatment for a long time.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The components of Wedelia species were investigated in order to create novel powerful anti-fungal drugs with low toxicity and high efficacy followed by high bioavailability.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Molergo Virtual Docker was used to test the chemical components of the plant for antifungal potential against the enzyme 14-demethylase.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000According to the findings, about fifteen compounds were identified as promising compounds with a high dock score and number of interactions.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000These compounds can further be isolated and further be worked upon for future research.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43686183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of efficacy of remdesivir with supportive care alone in the treatment of critically sick adult and child COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial","authors":"A. Hormati, S. Ahmadpour, M. Ghadir, S. Ghomi, Javad Tafaroji, Z. Movahedi, Seyed Kamal Eshagh Hossaini, Morteza Khoshgoftar, Mina Gheitani","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220517092803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220517092803","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Seeking for new specific and effective drugs against Corona virus Diseases-2019 (COVID-19) is of great important. This study describes the efficacy of remdesivir with supportive care alone in the treatment of critically sick adult and child COVID-19 patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study was a one-blind placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial in adults (aged≥18 years) and children (aged≤12 years) in Iran. Patients were included if they had positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection , O2 saturation ≤88%, and compatible symptoms. All participants received standard care following national treatment guidelines. The treatment group received remdesivir (200 mg IV on day 1 and followed by 100 mg in single daily infusions). The control group received standard care and identically volume of placebo infusions (Water for injection) for 5 days. For pediatric patients, the intervention group received remdesivir (5mg/kg on the first day and then 5.2 mg/kg on days 2 to 5). Discharge from the hospital within 10 days of first treatment be considered as the primary endpoint of the study. Admission in the intensive care unit (ICU) be considered as original secondary endpoint of the study.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000141 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two group (adults; 54 patients in the intervention group vs. 52 patients in the control group, and children; 17 patients in the intervention group vs. 18 patients in the control group). The mean time from the first symptoms until the referral to the hospital in adults patients were 5.61±2.67 day and 4.80±1.48 day for intervention and control groups respectively. The mean time from the first symptoms until death was reported significant and was longer for intervention group than the control group (24.83±11.25 vs 10.50±2.42 day; p value=0. 012). For children who receive remdesivir, the mean time between admission until death was reported significant, as the finding highlighted longer time duration for intervention group (13.55±0.72 vs 10.66±0.57 day; p value=0. 016). The mechanical ventilation was used in 17 patients (100%) and 18 patients (100%) in intervention and control groups respectively (p value=0.853).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Among patients with critical COVID-19, those randomized to a 5-day receiving of remdesivir did have a statistically significant difference in clinical status compared with control group in both adults and children groups. \u0000Keywords: Infectious disease, COVID-19, Mechanical ventilation, treatment, remdesivir\u0000No. IRCT20200405046953N1\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47840064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroxychloroquine and Mortality in SARS-Cov-2 Infection; The HOPE- Covid-19 Registry.","authors":"I. Nuñez-Gil, L. Ayerbe, C. Fernández-Pérez, V. Estrada, Charbel Maroun Eid, R. Arroyo-Espliguero, R. Romero, V. Becerra-Muñoz, A. Uribarri, G. Feltes, D. Trabattoni, M. Molina, M. G. Aguado, M. Pepe, E. Cerrato, Jia Huang, Thamar Capel Astrua, Emilio Alfonso, Alex F Castro-Mejía, S. Raposeiras-Roubín, L. Buzón, C. E. Paeres, A. Mulet, N. Lal-Trehan, E. García-Vázquez, Ó. Fabregat-Andrés, I. Akin, Fabrizio D´ascenzo, Paula Gomez-Rosado, F. Ugo, A. Fernández-Ortiz, C. Macaya","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220514112951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220514112951","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) may be an effective, safe, and affordable treatment for Covid-19 that can be used in selected patients. However, more evidence on its association, when it is used in different stages of the disease, with clinical outcomes, is required. This observational study investigates the association between treatment with HCQ and mortality, in patients with Covid-19.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The data from 6217 patients who died or were discharged from 24 Spanish hospitals, were analyzed. Propensity matching scores (PMS) were used.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u00005094 patients received HCQ. Death was recorded for 17.5% of those who had HCQ and 34.1% of those who did not have it. Mortality was lower for those who had HCQ, OR=0.41 (95% CI=0.34-0.48). The PMS analysis also showed that mortality was lower for those receiving HCQ, OR=0.47 (95%CI=0.36-0.62). PMS analysis for categories revealed an association between HCQ and lowered mortality for patients over 65 years of age, with a past medical history of hypertension, for those who were diagnosed during admission with sepsis related organ failure, or pneumonia, and for those with lymphocytopenia, raised troponin, LDH, ferritin and D-dimer. No increase in mortality associated with HCQ was observed in any category of any of the variables investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000HCQ could be associated with lower mortality for older patients, those with more severe disease and raised inflammatory markers. Further RCTs, observational studies, and summaries of both types of evidence on this topic, are necessary to select the precise profile of patients that may benefit from HCQ.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48176112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent evidence-based treatments for COVID-19: A Review","authors":"F. Ali, Varisha Anjum, G. Chauhan, Asad Ali, J. Ahamad","doi":"10.2174/2211352520666220510140802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211352520666220510140802","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease caused by SARS-COV2 that attacks primarily the respiratory system of the host. This disease was first reported in early December 2019, and the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic disease causing global public health emergency by mid-January 2020. It is the human-to-human transmission that occurs by droplets, infected hands or surfaces with an incubation time of 2-14 days. It displays signs and symptoms, and if the disease progresses it leads to death. To avoid symptomatic symptoms or increase infection severity, early diagnosis, quarantine, and supportive care can help to cure the patient infected with COVID-19. Several attempts have been projected for the development of vaccines against COVID-19. As of July 2, 2021, 600 vaccine candidates worldwide were evaluated against SARS-CoV-2, in which 300 have reached out to the preclinical stage of their development. Presently, Moderna (mRNA-1273), Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (LV-SMENP-DC), Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (Pathogenspecific aAPC), CanSino Biologicals (Ad5-nCoV), Inovio Pharmaceuticals (INO-4800) have plunged into the phase I/II clinical trials (Source: ClinicalTrials.gov website; WHO). Scientists are increasingly seeking a key hide behind pathogenic pathways and epidemiological features, as well as future drug goals, which will lead to the development of successful strategies for prevention and treatment. Based on the current published data, we summarize the structure, life cycle of SARS-CoV2 and the various product categories available as anti-COVID-19 agents (antiviral), with special emphasis on Chinese herbal medicines, which were licensed as anti-COVID agent by the Chinese Government. Such knowledge can be used as guidelines for COVID-19 clinical therapy.\u0000","PeriodicalId":7951,"journal":{"name":"Anti-Infective Agents","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42458037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}