Journal of image guided surgery最新文献_第4页

Augmentation of reality using an operating microscope for otolaryngology and neurosurgical guidance 使用手术显微镜增强现实耳鼻喉科和神经外科指导

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<172::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-7

P.J. Edwards M.S., D.J. Hawkes Ph.D., D.L.G. Hill Ph.D., D. Jewell B.S., R. Spink D.I., A. Strong F.R.C.S, M. Gleeson F.R.C.S

{"title":"Augmentation of reality using an operating microscope for otolaryngology and neurosurgical guidance","authors":"P.J. Edwards M.S., D.J. Hawkes Ph.D., D.L.G. Hill Ph.D., D. Jewell B.S., R. Spink D.I., A. Strong F.R.C.S, M. Gleeson F.R.C.S","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<172::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<172::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"The operating microscope is an integral part of many neurosurgery and otolaryngology procedures; the surgeon often uses the microscopic view for a large portion of the operation. Information from preoperative radiological images is often viewed only on X-ray films. The surgeon then has the difficult task of relating this information to the appearance of the surgical view. Image guidance techniques attempt to relate these two sets of information by registering the patient in the operating room to preoperative images using locating devices. Conventionally, image data are presented on a computer monitor, which requires the surgeon to look away from the operative scene. We describe a guidance system, for procedures in which the operating microscope is used, which super-imposes image-derived data upon the operative scene. We create a model of relevant structures (e.g., tumor volume, blood vessels, and nerves) from multimodality preoperative images. By calibrating microscope optics, registering the patient to image coordinates, and tracking the microscope and patient intraoperatively, we can generate stereo projections of the three-dimensional model and project them into the microscope eyepieces, allowing critical structures to be overlaid on the operative scene in the correct position. Measurements with a head phantom gave a root mean square (RMS) error of 1.08 mm, and the estimated error for a human volunteer is between 2 and 3 mm. Initial evaluation in the operating room was very promising. J Image Guid Surg 1:172–178 (1995). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 3","pages":"172-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 93

Tumor resection by stereotactic craniotomy using the Brown-Roberts-Wells system 应用Brown-Roberts-Wells系统立体定向开颅术切除肿瘤

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<208::AID-IGS3>3.0.CO;2-E

Robert J. Maciunas M.D., F.A.C.S.

{"title":"Tumor resection by stereotactic craniotomy using the Brown-Roberts-Wells system","authors":"Robert J. Maciunas M.D., F.A.C.S.","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<208::AID-IGS3>3.0.CO;2-E","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<208::AID-IGS3>3.0.CO;2-E","url":null,"abstract":"Precise localization of subcortical targets contributes to the technical challenge of craniotomies. To address this challenge, the application of readily available stereotactic localization techniques to open craniotomies was investigated. Over a 2-year period, 62 consecutive stereotactic craniotomies were performed successfully using the CT-compatible Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) apparatus. Standard BRW hardware and software were employed. This series consists of craniotomies in 50 patients for resection of subcortical mass lesions. Targets were consistently and precisely localized by the stereotactic frame. Pathology revealed 32 metastases, 18 glial tumors, 5 nonglial tumors,and 7 nonneoplastic lesions. Histology differed from presumptive diagnoses by neurodiagnostic imaging studies in 30.6% of cases. The average volume of tumors resected was 55,903 mm3. Gross total resection of all solid tumor tissue was consistently confirmed by postoperative contrast-enhanced CT. Postoperatively, 38 patients with masses were neurologically improved, 22 were unchanged, and 2 were worse. Median postoperative survival for glioblastoma multiforme after adjuvant therapy was 58.7 weeks and for metastases was 39.2 weeks. There were no postoperative deaths. Overall surgical morbidity was 3.7%. CT-directed stereotactic craniotomy using the BRW system is a safe, efficacious, and readily available technique. It successfully confers the precision of stereotactic methodology on open microneurosurgical procedures. J Image Guid Surg 1:208–216 (1995). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 4","pages":"208-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Adaptation of personal projection television to a head-mounted display for intra-operative viewing of neuroimaging 将个人投影电视应用于头戴式显示器，用于术中观察神经影像

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:2<109::AID-IGS6>3.0.CO;2-E

Gene H. Barnett M.D., Charles P. Steiner B.S., Joseph Weisenberger R.T. (C.V.)

{"title":"Adaptation of personal projection television to a head-mounted display for intra-operative viewing of neuroimaging","authors":"Gene H. Barnett M.D., Charles P. Steiner B.S., Joseph Weisenberger R.T. (C.V.)","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:2<109::AID-IGS6>3.0.CO;2-E","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:2<109::AID-IGS6>3.0.CO;2-E","url":null,"abstract":"We describe an adaptation of a personal projection television for intra-operative viewing of conventional neuroimaging and frameless stereotaxy displays. In addition to image display, the device provides surgical magnification and eye protection from body fluids. Image data is first processed by a scan converter to provide a National Standards Television Committee (NTSC) television signal. The adjustable optics of the system display are permanently secured to avoid displacement during surgery. A virtual image of the data is projected to an apparent size of four feet in the inferior visual field of the surgeon's dominant eye. Magnification is provided by the surgical telescopes mounted in the visor. Resolution of the device is consistent with that obtained in a slice of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging data. Optimal display of multiplanar data awaits improvement in density of the light emitting diode device used for image generation. J Image Guid Surg 1:109–112 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 2","pages":"109-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20033016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Development of an MRI-compatible needle insertion manipulator for stereotactic neurosurgery 立体定向神经外科mri兼容插针机械手的研制

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<242::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-A

Ken Masamune M.S., Etsuko Kobayashi M.S., Yoshitaka Masutani M.S., Makoto Suzuki Ph.D., Takeyoshi Dohi Ph.D., Hiroshi Iseki M.D., Kintomo Takakura M.D.

{"title":"Development of an MRI-compatible needle insertion manipulator for stereotactic neurosurgery","authors":"Ken Masamune M.S., Etsuko Kobayashi M.S., Yoshitaka Masutani M.S., Makoto Suzuki Ph.D., Takeyoshi Dohi Ph.D., Hiroshi Iseki M.D., Kintomo Takakura M.D.","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<242::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-A","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<242::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-A","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of medical robots for stereotactic neurosurgery has been developed in recent years. Almost of all these robots use computed tomography (CT) to scan the brain of the patient before and during surgery. Currently, we are developing a needle insertion manipulator for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided neurosurgery. MRI techniques, including MRI angiography and functional MRI, are attractive for the development of interventional MRI therapies and operations. If a robot were available, these therapies would be minimally invasive, with more accurate guidance than is possible with current CT-guided systems. Actuation of a robot in an MRI environment is difficult because of the presence of strong magnetic fields. Therefore, the robot must be constructed of nonmagnetic materials. The system frame was manufactured using polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and was actuated using ultrasonic motors. Accuracy-evaluation procedures and phantom tests have been performed. The total accuracy of the system was approximately 3.0 mm. No artifacts caused by the manipulator were observed in the images. J Image Guid Surg 1:242–248 (1995). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 4","pages":"242-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 309

Operative confirmation of three-dimensional computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrovascular pathology 手术确认三维计算机断层和磁共振成像的脑血管病理

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<179::AID-IGS8>3.0.CO;2-7

Dan S. Heffez M.D., F.R.C.S., Michael Mikhael M.D., Ph.D., Karen Jensen R.T.

{"title":"Operative confirmation of three-dimensional computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrovascular pathology","authors":"Dan S. Heffez M.D., F.R.C.S., Michael Mikhael M.D., Ph.D., Karen Jensen R.T.","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<179::AID-IGS8>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<179::AID-IGS8>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional neuroradiological evaluation of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations employs computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and detailed cerebral angiography. These techniques may be inadequate to define fully the cerebrovascular anatomy in patients with giant aneurysms or with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) located near so-called eloquent brain structures. Therefore, we examined the usefulness of three-dimensional (3-D) MRI and CT images of the brain and cerebral vessels for predicting operative anatomical findings in selected cases of complex cerebrovascular pathology. In six of nine (67%) patients with giant aneurysms undergoing direct surgical treatment, the 3-D images were confirmed to be accurate, and they furnished information that is not available by conventional imaging. In three of these nine (33%) patients, failure of the 3-D images to predict operative findings accurately could be directly related to inappropriate imaging technique or to anatomical findings below the limit of resolution for CT or MRI. In 13 of 19 (68%) patients with an AVM, the 3-D images were considered helpful for treatment selection or planning, primarily because they enhanced the understanding of the relationship of the AVM nidus to brain structures of known functional significance. The results of our initial experience with 3-D imaging of cerebrovascular pathology are described in this report. J Image Guid Surg 1:179–190 (1995). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 3","pages":"179-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Computer-assisted dental implant surgery using computed tomography 使用计算机断层扫描的计算机辅助牙科植入手术

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:1<53::AID-IGS8>3.0.CO;2-L

Thomas Fortin Ph.D., M.D., Jean Loup Coudert M.D., Guillaume Champleboux Ph.D., Pascal Sautot Ph.D., Stéphane Lavallée Ph.D.

引用次数: 77

Mathematical determination of the tibial insertion of the patellar tendon using computed tomography images 利用计算机断层扫描图像对髌腱胫骨止点的数学测定

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<226::AID-IGS5>3.0.CO;2-C

Guillaume Champleboux Ph.D., Remi Julliard M.D., Philippe Cinquin Ph.D., M.D., Line Gaborit

{"title":"Mathematical determination of the tibial insertion of the patellar tendon using computed tomography images","authors":"Guillaume Champleboux Ph.D., Remi Julliard M.D., Philippe Cinquin Ph.D., M.D., Line Gaborit","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<226::AID-IGS5>3.0.CO;2-C","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<226::AID-IGS5>3.0.CO;2-C","url":null,"abstract":"Misalignment of the extensor apparatus is an essential factor in impairment of the patellar-femoral joint. This may be partly or entirely responsible for patellar dislocation or lateral patellar-femoral arthrosis. One surgical method to correct the pathology is medial transposition of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity (anteriorly or posteriorly, distally or ventrally). These interventions correct misalignment of the extensor apparatus relative to statistical norms. We propose a mathematical method based on the use of computed tomography (CT) images to determine the ideal tibial insertion for the patellar tendon. This method is based on biomechanical modeling and the use of equipressure criteria. It is the first step in allowing the use of mathematics to model correctly tibial insertion of the patellar ligament, an entirely new development. This is important because it will allow surgeons greater accuracy in distal correction of extensor apparatus misalignments. J Imag Guid Surg 1:226–236 (1995). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 4","pages":"226-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Techniques for fast and accurate intrasurgical registration 快速准确的术中登记技术

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:1<17::AID-IGS4>3.0.CO;2-P

David A. Simon, Martial Hebert, Takeo Kanade

{"title":"Techniques for fast and accurate intrasurgical registration","authors":"David A. Simon, Martial Hebert, Takeo Kanade","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:1<17::AID-IGS4>3.0.CO;2-P","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:1<17::AID-IGS4>3.0.CO;2-P","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of intrasurgical registration is to establish a common reference frame between presurgical and intrasurgical three-dimensional data sets that correspond to the same anatomy. This paper presents two novel techniques that have application to this problem, high-speed pose tracking and intrasurgical data selection. In the first part of this paper, we describe an approach for tracking the pose of arbitrarily shaped rigid objects at rates up to \u000010 Hz. Static accuracies on the order of 1 mm in translation and 1° in rotation have been achieved. We have demonstrated the technique on a human face using a high-speed VLSI range sensor; however, the technique is independent of the sensor used or the anatomy tracked. In the second part of this paper, we describe a general purpose approach for selecting near-optimal intrasurgical registration data. Because of the high costs of acquisition of intrasurgical data, our goal is to minimize the amount of data acquired while ensuring registration accuracy. We synthesize near-optimal intrasurgical data sets, based on an analysis of differential surface properties of presurgical data. We demonstrate, using data from a human femur, that discrete-point data sets selected using our method are superior to those selected by human experts in terms of the resulting pose-refinement accuracy. J Image Guid Surg 1:17-29 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 1","pages":"17-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 140

Computer-assisted bronchoscopy: Aims and research perspectives 计算机辅助支气管镜检查:目的和研究前景

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<217::AID-IGS4>3.0.CO;2-D

Ivan Bricault, Gilbert Ferrettio, Philippe Cinquin

{"title":"Computer-assisted bronchoscopy: Aims and research perspectives","authors":"Ivan Bricault, Gilbert Ferrettio, Philippe Cinquin","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<217::AID-IGS4>3.0.CO;2-D","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:4<217::AID-IGS4>3.0.CO;2-D","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of spiral computed tomography (CT) of the thoracic cavity has allowed the development of new visualization tools. These tools provide a three-dimensional (3-D) endoluminal reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree, as it would be viewed through a fibroscopic instrument. However, 3-D reconstruction techniques cannot replace conventional fibroscopy, which remains indispensable for obtaining histological samples. Furthermore, when CT-detected mediastinal or parenchymal lesions are not seen during fiberoptic bronchoscopy, guiding transbronchial needle biopsy is a major challenge.Computer-guided transbronchial biopsy involves the fusion of image data from both CT slices and bronchoscopic video sequences. This fusion is described in this paper in two parts. First, we present a segmentation process, using mathematical morphology operators, in order to analyze the video sequence and localize the bronchoscopic camera within the tracheobronchial tree. Second, we present tools used to match this localization knowledge with CT data. Finally, we produce images that create a bronchoscopic augmented reality, using elements extracted from the CT examination. J Image Guid Surg 1:217–225 (1995). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 4","pages":"217-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20032887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Software safety in medical applications 医疗应用中的软件安全

Journal of image guided surgery Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<121::AID-IGS1>3.0.CO;2-C

John C. Knight Ph.D., Kevin G. Wika Ph.D.

{"title":"Software safety in medical applications","authors":"John C. Knight Ph.D., Kevin G. Wika Ph.D.","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<121::AID-IGS1>3.0.CO;2-C","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X(1995)1:3<121::AID-IGS1>3.0.CO;2-C","url":null,"abstract":"The use of software in safety-critical medical applications permits sophisticated functionality that would otherwise not be achievable. However, it is very difficult to ensure that software in these systems is dependable. In particular all software development techniques have limitations, and none can provide any guarantee of overall software dependability. Given this shortcoming, the approach that we have taken is to develop techniques that emphasize the verification of properties that are important to overall software dependability. In this paper we describe two techniques that support the implementation and verification of dependable software for an experimental neurosurgical device and safety-critical applications in general. The first technique involves the assurance of critical safety properties by a relatively simple software component known as a safety kernel. Situated between the application software and the application devices, the safety kernel enforces rules that govern the safe operation of the devices. The simplicity of the safety kernel facilitates its implementation and verification. In most cases, it is not possible to rely on testing to provide the necessary verification of the software in a safety-critical application. However, testing can play an appropriate and vital role in the demonstration of safety properties. The second technique takes this approach, utilizing automated testing and selected test cases to demonstrate useful system properties. J Image Guid Surg 1:21–132 (1995). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":79505,"journal":{"name":"Journal of image guided surgery","volume":"1 3","pages":"121-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20033018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3