{"title":"A binary spelling interface with random errors.","authors":"J Perelmouter, N Birbaumer","doi":"10.1109/86.847824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.847824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An algorithm for design of a spelling interface based on a modified Huffman's algorithm is presented. This algorithm builds a full binary tree that allows to maximize an average probability to reach a leaf where a required character is located when a choice at each node is made with possible errors. A means to correct errors (a delete-function) and an optimization method to build this delete-function into the binary tree are also discussed. Such a spelling interface could be successfully applied to any menu-orientated alternative communication system when a user (typically, a patient with devastating neuromuscular handicap) is not able to express an intended single binary response, either through motor responses or by using of brain-computer interfaces, with an absolute reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 2","pages":"227-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.847824","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21737557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parallel man-machine training in development of EEG-based cursor control.","authors":"A Kostov, M Polak","doi":"10.1109/86.847816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.847816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new parallel man-machine training approach to brain-computer interface (BCI) succeeded through a unique application of machine learning methods. The BCI system could train users to control an animated cursor on the computer screen by voluntary electroencephalogram (EEG) modulation. Our BCI system requires only two to four electrodes, and has a relatively short training time for both the user and the machine. Moving the cursor in one dimension, our subjects were able to hit 100% of randomly selected targets, while in two dimensions, accuracies of approximately 63% and 76% was achieved with our two subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 2","pages":"203-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.847816","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21736845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brain-computer interfaces based on the steady-state visual-evoked response.","authors":"M Middendorf, G McMillan, G Calhoun, K S Jones","doi":"10.1109/86.847819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.847819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Air Force Research Laboratory has implemented and evaluated two brain-computer interfaces (BCI's) that translate the steady-state visual evoked response into a control signal for operating a physical device or computer program. In one approach, operators self-regulate the brain response; the other approach uses multiple evoked responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 2","pages":"211-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.847819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21737552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EEG-based communication: a pattern recognition approach.","authors":"W D Penny, S J Roberts, E A Curran, M J Stokes","doi":"10.1109/86.847820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.847820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present an overview of our research into brain-computer interfacing (BCI). This comprises an offline study of the effect of motor imagery on EEG and an online study that uses pattern classifiers incorporating parameter uncertainty and temporal information to discriminate between different cognitive tasks in real-time.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 2","pages":"214-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.847820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21737553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and evaluation of a software prototype for participatory planning of environmental adaptations.","authors":"J Eriksson, A Ek, G Johansson","doi":"10.1109/86.830954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.830954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A software prototype to support the planning process for adapting home and work environments for people with physical disabilities was designed and later evaluated. The prototype exploits low-cost three-dimensional (3-D) graphics products in the home computer market. The essential features of the prototype are: interactive rendering with optional hardware acceleration, interactive walk-throughs, direct manipulation tools for moving objects and measuring distances, and import of 3-D-objects from a library. A usability study was conducted, consisting of two test sessions (three weeks apart) and a final interview. The prototype was then tested and evaluated by representatives of future users: five occupational therapist students, and four persons with physical disability, with no previous experience of the prototype. Emphasis in the usability study was placed on the prototype's efficiency and learnability. We found that it is possible to realise a planning tool for environmental adaptations, both regarding usability and technical efficiency. The usability evaluation confirms our findings from previous case studies, regarding the relevance and positive attitude towards this kind of planning tool. Although the prototype was found to be satisfactorily efficient for the basic tasks, the paper presents several suggestions for improvement of future prototype versions.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"94-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.830954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21627688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A mechanical arthrometer to measure knee joint contracture in rats.","authors":"G Trudel, P A O'Neill, L A Goudreau","doi":"10.1109/86.830959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.830959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal models for joint diseases are necessary for in vivo studies. Joint contractures are characterized by lack of the normal range of motion of a joint most often due to increased soft tissue stiffness. Biological and biochemical data have been obtained but biomechanical data on small animals are rare. An instrument was developed to measure rat knee angular displacement at various soft tissue loads in normal and pathological circumstances. This article describes the instrument and reports its reproducibility and accuracy. The reproducibility and accuracy of this instrument was found to be acceptable thereby validating its use for research purposes with adult rat knees.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"149-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.830959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21627693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tremor suppression through impedance control.","authors":"S Pledgie, K E Barner, S K Agrawal, T Rahman","doi":"10.1109/86.830949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.830949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents a method for designing tremor suppression systems that achieve a specified reduction in pathological tremor power through controlling the impedance of the human-machine interface. Position, rate, and acceleration feedback are examined and two techniques for the selection of feedback coefficients are discussed. Both techniques seek a desired closed-loop human-machine frequency response and require the development of open-loop human-machine models through system identification. The design techniques were used to develop a tremor suppression system that was subsequently evaluated using human subjects. It is concluded that nonadaptive tremor suppression systems that utilize impedance control to achieve a specified reduction in tremor power can be successfully designed when accurate open-loop human-machine models are available.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"53-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.830949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21627772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Controlling mouse pointer position using an infrared head-operated joystick.","authors":"D G Evans, R Drew, P Blenkhorn","doi":"10.1109/86.830955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.830955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper describes the motivation for and the design considerations of a low-cost head-operated joystick. The paper briefly summarizes the requirements of head-operated mouse pointer control for people with disabilities before discussing a set of technological approaches that can be used to satisfy these requirements. The paper focuses on the design of a head-operated joystick that uses infrared light emitting diodes (LED's) and photodetectors to determine head position, which is subsequently converted into signals that emulate a Microsoft mouse. There are two significant findings. The first is that, while nonideal device characteristics might appear to make the joystick difficult to use, users naturally compensate for nonlinearities, in a transparent manner, because of visual feedback of mouse pointer position. The second finding, from relatively informal, independent trials, indicates that disabled users prefer a head-operated device that has the characteristics of a joystick (a relative pointing device) to those of a mouse (an absolute pointing device).</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"107-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.830955","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21627689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of an isometric and a position joystick in a target acquisition task for individuals with cerebral palsy.","authors":"R S Rao, R Seliktar, T Rahman","doi":"10.1109/86.830956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.830956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) with upper limb disability have difficulty operating standard computer input devices such as, a mouse and a keyboard. The present study evaluated the performance of unimpaired individuals and those with CP in the use of a zero-order spring-centered position joystick and a zero-order isometric joystick when interacting with the computer. We hypothesize that the isometric device due to its stiff resistance would provide better control on cursor movement than the position joystick. The subjects acquired differently sized targets at different distances by positioning a cursor on the target. Performance with the position joystick was superior to that of the isometric joystick. The time to acquire the target was directly proportional to the cursor-target distance A, and indirectly proportional to the target size W. Subjects chose to move more slowly toward the smaller and closer targets and they increased speed for larger and more distant targets. The phase-plane diagram that plots values of the velocity profile of the cursor over its displacement revealed the presence of one large amplitude movement that accounts for the peak velocity of the cursor, and several submovements. Fitts' index of difficulty, log(e)(2W/A) was found to be a good predictor of the movement time in a cursor positioning task for both, unimpaired individuals and those with CP.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"118-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.830956","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21627690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomechanical analysis of legrest support of occupied wheelchairs: comparison between a conventional and a compensatory legrest.","authors":"R Aissaoui, S Heydar, J Dansereau, M Lacoste","doi":"10.1109/86.830958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/86.830958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of elevating legrest on posture and pressure distribution in a group of ten able-bodied subjects sitting in a manual wheelchair. Two types of legrest were tested: a conventional elevating legrest with a fixed axis of rotation, and a compensatory elevating legrest with a moving axis of rotation. A three-dimensional (3-D) kinematics analysis was carried out to assess body posture simultaneously with pressure measurement data collected at the back, seat, calf and foot supports. The compensatory legrest enables to lengthen foot support as the legrest proclines. This compensation at the knee joint level has a beneficial effect in minimizing pelvic and thigh motion as well as in reducing pressure distribution under seat and foot supports. In contrast, the use of a conventional legrest modifies significantly the subject's posture and induces a substantial increase of 40% on pressure data under ischial tuberosities in procline position. These findings are important for disabled and elderly people who need to elevate their lower leg frequently.</p>","PeriodicalId":79442,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":"8 1","pages":"140-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/86.830958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21627692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}