{"title":"Pseudophakic Dysphotopsia","authors":"Emely Zoraida Karam Aguilar","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89884","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudophakic dysphotopsia is an unwanted entoptic phenomenon caused by intraocular lenses. Dysphotopsias have been classified as positive (brightness, streaks, haze, or glare) and negative (temporal arc or half-moon crescent) in the visual field. These visual phenomena seem to be well tolerated cause in the case of positive dysphotopsia, but not as well in the negative cases that sometimes discomfort to the patient. The incidence of dysphotopsia ranges from 20% to 77.7%, and the prevalence seems not to be altered by the type of intraocular lens. Pseudophakic dysphotopsia continues to be enigmatic over time; however, many efforts are being made in order to resolve the mystery. In this chapter, the evolution of the dysphotopsia, possible causes, and proposed treatments will be described.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83494250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic Science of Intraocular Lens Materials","authors":"Smita Kapoor, Shreya Gupta","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92573","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will explain the materials used in making intraocular lenses. Rigid IOL’s made of PMMA have now given way to foldable silicone and acrylic lenses. This chapter will also throw light on the indications and contraindica-tions for using each of the IOL’s. The composition of each of the lenses, their water content, mechanical properties and their special ultraviolet absorbing features will be discussed in detail. The mechanism by which hydrophilic lenses are inserted through small incisions during cataract surgery will need a special mention. The problems with use of different types of intraocular lenses will also be dealt with.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73040335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toric Intraocular Lenses","authors":"Zequan Xu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.90153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.90153","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter described a short history about the toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) and then discussed some interesting topics such as the measurement of (front and posterior) corneal astigmatism and surgically induced astigmatism; the manual marking techniques and image-guided systems and intraoperative aberrometry-based methods; the new toric lens calculation calculators and toric IOLs formulas; the post operation care of toric IOLs and re-rotation of misaligned toric IOLs; and some relevant issues on multifocal toric intraocular lens. Meanwhile, this chapter also discussed toric IOL in some special cases like keratoconus corneal ectatic disorders, post-refractive surgery and post-keratoplasty, etc.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77855931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Čanović, Suzana Konjevoda, Ana Pavičić, R. Stanić
{"title":"Intraocular Lens (IOL) Materials","authors":"S. Čanović, Suzana Konjevoda, Ana Pavičić, R. Stanić","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89985","url":null,"abstract":"In 1949, first intraocular lens (IOL) insertion after cataract surgery was per-formed by Sir Harold Ridley, in London. Only in the 1970s, the IOL insertion after cataract surgery began to be a standard procedure. The material the first IOL-s were composed of was polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The PMMA is a rigid material and the corneal incision had to be at least as big as the IOLs optic and it became its biggest disadvantage in the cataract surgery. The main goal of modern cataract surgery is as smallest incision possible, so the IOL-s had to be flexible and therefore foldable. This goal was achieved by improvements in the IOL design and materials that made them foldable. First foldable IOL-s were made of hydrogel but they were unstable and the development of the first silicone IOL-s overcame that problem. Foldable silicone IOL-s were first implanted in 1978 by Kai-yi Zhou. Foldable IOL’s benefits are its compatibility with a small incision surgery that is self-sealing procedure and the possibility of insertion by a single-use applicators that made the surgery safer. In the future, we can expect some new, different and innovative approaches in the IOL design and materials.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74749016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scleral-Fixated Intraocular Lens: Indications and Results","authors":"S. Nicoară","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89962","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, ideal cataract surgery should end with the placement of an intraocular lens (IOLs) in the bag. However, in the clinical setting we have to manage cases without enough capsular support to allow the physiological IOL placement. Progress has been made in terms of IOL designs and implantation techniques. The options should be analyzed not only in accordance with surgeon’s experience but also with patient’s age, local, and systemic comorbidities. Thus, in the absence of an appropriate capsule, IOL can be placed in the anterior chamber, fixated to the iris or to the sclera wall. In this paper, the personal experience of one surgeon with ab externo scleral-fixated IOLs is presented, with the aim to outline the place of this surgical technique in the correction of aphakia. A retrospective study was carried out, including 57 patients in which an IOL was fixated to the sclera, throughout January 2015–April 2019. The causes of aphakia, preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuities (BCVA), and intra-and postoperative complications are analyzed. Statistical tests were applied in order to draw significance. In most instances, BCVA has remained stable, with no significant complications, making sclera fixation IOL a viable solution in the correction of aphakia.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79184782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Secondary Intraocular Lens","authors":"N. Manoharan, P. Prasad","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89569","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89204021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Eppig, J. Schrecker, A. Messner, A. Langenbucher
{"title":"Aberration Correction with Aspheric Intraocular Lenses","authors":"T. Eppig, J. Schrecker, A. Messner, A. Langenbucher","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89361","url":null,"abstract":"The shape of the normal human cornea induces positive spherical aberration (SA) which causes image blur. In the young phakic eye, the crystalline lens compensates for a certain amount of this corneal aberration. However, the compensation slowly decreases with the aging lens and is fully lost after cataract extraction and implantation of a standard intraocular lens (IOL). Conventional spherical IOLs add their intrinsic positive SA to the positive SA of the cornea increasing the image blur. As a useful side effect, this also increases the depth of focus — often referred to as pseudo-accommodation. Aspheric intraocular lenses have been introduced to be either neutral to SA or to compensate for a certain amount of corneal SA. A customized correction for the individual eye seems to be the most promising solution for tailored correction of SA. In this chapter we will provide detailed informa-tion on the various concepts of aspheric intraocular lenses to elucidate that the term “ aspheric intraocular lens ” is being used for a large amount of different lens designs.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"297 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82862543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pathologic Myopia: Complications and Visual Rehabilitation","authors":"E. Vingolo, G. Napolitano, Lorenzo Casillo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85871","url":null,"abstract":"High myopia, defined as refractive error of at least −6.00D or an axial length of 26.5 mm or more, can induce many modifications in eye’s anatomy that can lead to complications. When high myopia is able to decrease best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) due to its complications, it is called pathologic myopia. Pathologic myopia is one of the major causes of blindness, and it represents a serious issue, since incidence of myopia and high myopia is constantly rising. For educational purposes, in this chapter, complications of pathologic myopia will be divided into anterior (when structures external to the globe or anterior to the ora serrata are involved, such as motility disturbances and cataract) and posterior (when structures posterior to the ora serrata are involved, such as lacquer cracks, chorioretinal atrophy, Fuchs maculopathy, myopic choroidal neovascularization, and retinal detachment). Many treatments are available for pathologic myopia complications depending on their type, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections and surgery. We will focus on visual rehabilitation interventions, such as visual biofeedback and visual aids that in many cases are the only chance that the ophthalmologist has in order to help patients suffering from pathologic myopia to use at their maximum their residual vision.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"9 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83469084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangeethabalasri Pugazhendhi, B. Ambati, A. Hunter
{"title":"Reduction of Myopia Burden and Progression","authors":"Sangeethabalasri Pugazhendhi, B. Ambati, A. Hunter","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85715","url":null,"abstract":"Myopia is a significant worldwide public health concern, and its prevalence is drastically increasing in recent years. It was once viewed as a benign refractive error, but is now one of the leading causes of blindness and is associated with numerous ocular diseases, which makes it crucial to develop viable treatment options to ade-quately correct the refractive error and to halt the disease progression. The treatment of myopia can be classified into three groups: optical, pharmacological, and surgical management, which are aimed at adjusting to the refractive error and reducing the axial elongation. The conventional treatment modalities for myopia, such as single vision glasses, correct the refractive error and improve visual quality of life, but do not affect myopia progression or axial elongation. The newer and various myopic interventions including spectacle corrections, contact lens corrections, pharmacological treatments and surgical corrections, hold great potential for adequate disease control to improve the quality of life, reduce myopia burden, and preserve the ocular health.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91303308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surgical Correction of Myopia","authors":"Maja Bohac, M. Gulić, Alma Biscevic, Ivan Gabric","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85644","url":null,"abstract":"Myopia is the most prevalent refractive error in the world and its incidence is increasing. Together with conservative methods of treatment, various surgical methods have been proposed. Corneal refractive surgery is probably the most accepted one. Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) are suitable for treatment of myopia up to − 8.00 D in the younger age group. For patients not suitable for corneal refractive surgery, lens-based procedures are available. Phakic intraocular lenses are suitable for patients younger than 45 years of age with high myopia or some other contraindications for corneal refractive surgery. For older patients, refractive lens exchange (RLE) with implantation of multifocal or monofocal intraocular lenses is gaining popularity.","PeriodicalId":79161,"journal":{"name":"Contact and intraocular lens medical journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83100329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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