Anatomy and Embryology最新文献

{"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of expression of melanocortin type 2 and 5 receptors in the fetal mouse tissues and organs.","authors":"Masayuki Nimura,&nbsp;Jun Udagawa,&nbsp;Toshihisa Hatta,&nbsp;Ryuju Hashimoto,&nbsp;Hiroki Otani","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0066-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0066-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study to analyze the role of ACTH in fetal tissues and organs, we observed the expression of melanocortin type 2 (MC2) and 5 (MC5) receptors in ICR mouse embryos from E11.5 to E18.5 by immunohistochemistry. In the adrenal gland and testis, both receptors were expressed from E13.5 to E18.5. In the genital ridge and the ovary, melanocortin type 2 receptors (MC2R) was detected from E11.5 to E12.5 and from E13.5 to E18.5, respectively, while melanocortin type 5 receptors (MC5R) was not detected. In the mesonephros, MC2R and MC5R were expressed from E11.5 to E12.5, and in the metanephros, MC2R and MC5R were expressed from E12.5 to E18.5 and from E14.5 to E18.5, respectively. In the lung, MC2R was expressed from E11.5 to E14.5, but MC5R was not expressed at all. In blood cells, MC5R was detected at all stages examined, while MC2R was detected at none. MC2R was observed in the brain and spinal cord from E11.5 to E13.5, while MC5R was detected only in the telencephalon and only from E16.5 to E18.5. At different temporal patterns, MC2R, but not MC5R, was detected in the choroid plexus, while MC5R, but not MC2R, was expressed in the liver and in the nasal epithelium, and both MC2R and MC5R were expressed in the dorsal root ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion. These findings show the spatio-temporal specific expression patterns of MC2R and MC5R in the mouse embryo and suggest that ACTH may be related to histogenesis and/or prenatal function of various tissues and organs via MC2R and/or MC5R.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"109-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0066-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25842921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of ERK1/2 and ERK3 during normal rat fetal lung development.","authors":"David E Kling,&nbsp;Kirra L Brandon,&nbsp;Christina A Sollinger,&nbsp;Amanda J Cavicchio,&nbsp;Qingyuan Ge,&nbsp;Thomas B Kinane,&nbsp;Patricia K Donahoe,&nbsp;Jay J Schnitzer","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0063-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0063-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extracellular regulated kinases-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) are well-characterized mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) that play critical roles in proliferation and differentiation, whereas the function(s) of MAPK ERK3 are currently unknown. To understand better the roles of these kinases in development, the temporal distribution of ERK1, -2, and -3 proteins were investigated in multiple tissues. The ERK3 protein, in contrast to ERK1/2 varied both between and within individual organs over time. To characterize this variability in greater detail, the temporal and spatial distributions of activated ERK1/2 and ERK3 during rat fetal lung development were investigated. The diphosphorylated (activated) forms of ERK1/2 (dp-ERK1/2), ERK3, and its phosphorylated form (P-ERK3) decreased from embryonic day 17 (E17) through E21 while both ERK1 and ERK2 total proteins remained unchanged, indicating that ERK1/2 and ERK3 proteins are expressed independently during fetal lung development. In addition, characterization of the distribution of these proteins by fluorescent immunohistochemistry indicated that phosphorylated ERK1/2 and total ERK1/2 were distributed throughout multiple cell types, with the phosphorylated ERK1/2 colocalizing with prophase mitotic cells. In contrast, ERK3 was restricted to the distal lung epithelium during the pseudoglandular phase (E17) but shifted to the proximal airways, particularly Clara cells during the saccular stage (E21). The P-ERK3 colocalized with the mitotic marker P-histone H3 in fetal lung and in NIH3T3 and HeLa cells, implicating a potential role for P-ERK3 in mitosis. Thus, expression of ERK1/2 and ERK3 and their phosphorylated forms are expressed independently and are temporally and spatially localized during fetal lung morphogenesis. These observations will facilitate detailed functional analysis of these kinases to assess their roles in pulmonary development and diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"139-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0063-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25767766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topographical organisation of projections from the nucleus isthmi magnocellularis to the optic tectum of the chick brain.","authors":"T Tömböl,&nbsp;A Alpár,&nbsp;M D Eyre,&nbsp;A Németh","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0060-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0060-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The anatomical connection of the magnocellular isthmic nucleus with the optic tectum was investigated with the axonal tracer biotinylated dextran amine. Following iontophoretic injection of this tracer into different areas of the chick optic tectum, neurones of both magno- and parvocellular isthmic nuclei were labelled together in a topographical arrangement. The number of labelled neurones in the parvocellular nucleus was generally higher than in magnocellular. Using different locations of the tracer injections, systematic shifts in the location of the labelled neurones were detected. The labelled axons were seen to course along the shortest possible distance between the injection site and the cells of origin, i.e., the ventral part of the tectum received projections from neurones located ventrally in the isthmic nuclei, the dorsal tectum from neurones in the dorsal part, and the lateral extension of the tectum from neurones lying midway along the nuclei. This parallel and topographic projection of the two nuclei was primarily observed in sagittal sections. After tracer injections into the magnocellular nucleus, the terminal arbours were seen to extend from the deep layers (11-12) to layer 2 of the tectum. The projections observed appeared to be topographically organised, and furthermore appeared to be parallel with and complimentary to previously described projections of the parvocellular isthmic nucleus.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"119-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0060-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25740500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual odontogenic origins develop at the early stage of rat maxillary incisor development.","authors":"Rungarun Kriangkrai, Sachiko Iseki, Kazuhiro Eto, Suconta Chareonvit","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0068-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00429-005-0068-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developmental process of rat maxillary incisor has been studied through histological analysis and investigation of tooth-related gene expression patterns at initial tooth development. The tooth-related genes studied here are fibroblast growth factor-8 (Fgf-8), pituitary homeobox gene-2 (Pitx-2), sonic hedgehog (Shh), muscle segment homeobox-1 (Msx-1), paired box-9 (Pax-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-4 (Bmp-4). The genes are expressed in oral epithelium and/or ectomesenchyme at the stage of epithelial thickening to the early bud stage of tooth development. Both the histological observation and tooth-related gene expression patterns during early stage of maxillary incisor development demonstrate that dual odontogenic origins aligned medio-laterally in the medial nasal process develop, subsequently only single functional maxillary incisor dental placode forms. The cascade of tooth-related gene expression patterns in rat maxillary incisor studied here is quite similar to those of the previous studies in mouse mandibular molar, even though the origins of oral epithelium and ectomesenchyme involved in development of maxillary incisor and mandibular molar are different. Thus, we conclude that maxillary incisor and mandibular molar share a similar signaling control of Fgf-8, Pitx-2, Shh, Msx-1, Pax-9 and Bmp-4 genes at the stage of oral epithelial thickening to the early bud stage of tooth development.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"101-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0068-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25804155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mode and determination of the initial contraction stage in the mouse embryo heart.","authors":"Kiyomasa Nishii,&nbsp;Yosaburo Shibata","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0065-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0065-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The developing mammalian heart initiates spontaneous contractions shortly after the myocardium differentiates from the splanchnic mesoderm. The precise timing and mode of the onset of heartbeat, however, have not been statistically described in mice. We analyzed the patterns of contractive activity in video-recorded heart regions ranging from the pre-somite stage to day 10.5 (E10.5). The first sign was detected at the 3-somite stage (E8.25), when a few cardiac myocytes constituted small contracting groups on both sides of the heart tube. Fluctuations of the basal [Ca2+]i level were detected in dormant 3-somite-stage hearts, indicating the initiation of electrical activity before visible contractions. After weak and irregular contractions at the 3-somite stage, the contractions were almost coordinated as early as the 4-somite stage. Unidirectional blood flow through the atrioventricular canal was established around the 20-somite stage at E9.25, correlated with the development of the endocardial cushion. We propose that not only the endocardial cushion but also coordinated contractions are essential for unidirectional flow, because induced bradycardia due to short exposure at room temperature caused regurgitation at E10.5 when otherwise highly organized flow was observed. These findings complement and extend earlier observations on functional heart development, providing a reference for fundamental research on mammalian cardiogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0065-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25718074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of the clear zone of odontoclasts in the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).","authors":"Takanori Domon,&nbsp;Yumi Taniguchi,&nbsp;Ami Fukui,&nbsp;Reiko Suzuki,&nbsp;Shigeru Takahashi,&nbsp;Tsuneyuki Yamamoto,&nbsp;Minoru Wakita","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0061-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0061-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to clarify the features of the clear zone of odontoclasts on shedding teeth of a teleost fish, Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), using a light microscope to determine the orientation between a cell body and a resorptive lacuna, followed by transmission electron microscopy. Ultrathin sections of LR White embedded material were incubated in rabbit anti-actin polyclonal antibody and then were incubated with 15 nm gold-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. The clear zones of odontoclasts showed a variable structure with electron-dense structures on sections, but distinct clear zones were not always seen on odontoclasts. In odontoclasts sectioned in the direction perpendicularly to the surface of a resorptive lacuna, some cells showed a wide clear zone, but two types of clear zones were usually observed: a part composed of some cytoplasmic processes and one composed of several complicatedly interwoven processes. Gold particles were localized on the clear zones, especially in electron-dense structures; very few gold particles were detected in ruffled borders. These results show that the clear zone of odontoclasts in Chinook salmon contains actin. Our results suggest that the clear zone of an odontoclast in Chinook salmon is not always a wide annular structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"87-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0061-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25740499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous occurrence of aquaporin-4 in the ependyma and in the circumventricular organs in rat and chicken.","authors":"Oded Goren,&nbsp;István Adorján,&nbsp;Mihály Kálmán","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0067-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0067-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquaporins are selective water channel proteins critical in volume homeostasis. In the CNS AQP4 predominates, localized mainly in the glia limitans, the perivascular endfeet and ependyma. The present immunofluorescent study reveals the distribution of aquaporin-4 in the circumventricular organs in rat and chicken brains. The ventricular ependyma (especially in the third one), the subfornical organ, the area postrema, the rat pineal body (in part), and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis were marked by intense immunopositivity. Several areas, however, proved to be immunonegative: the central canal, the subcommissural organ, the ependymal zone of the median eminence in rat but its whole thickness in chicken, the subtrochlear organ, and the paraventricular organ. The immunostaining of the lateral septal and subseptal organs were similar to their environment. Results on developing rats suggested that the aquaporin-4 immunonegativity is a secondary phenomenon. Surveying other structural and functional features, no clear explanation of the heterogeneous occurrence of aquaporin-4 was found. The absence of aquaporin-4 seems to correlate with some features of the \"ependymal organs\" (thickened, pseudostratified ependyma, presence of blood-brain barrier) and with the avoidance of GFAP. On the other hand, the organs rich in aquaporin-4 have features of the \"hypendymal organs\" (glial and vascular plexus but no blood-brain barrier). There are organs, however, which do not fit into either group completely, i.e. the lateral septal and subseptal organs. Presence of tight junctions coincides with the absence of aquaporin-4 in the ependyma of spinal cord, the subcommissural organ and the ependyma of median eminence.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"155-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0067-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25804156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment does not alter neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the cerebral cortex after stroke.","authors":"Evelyn Oermann,&nbsp;Hans-J Bidmon,&nbsp;Otto-W Witte,&nbsp;Karl Zilles","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0056-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0056-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inducible prostaglandin synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, is upregulated in response to cerebral ischemia and contributes to potentiation of oxidative injury. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is regulated by retinoic acid receptors, which form heterodimers with vitamin D receptors and vitamin D. In addition, vitamin D has been reported to have neuroprotective qualities. The aim of this study was to examine whether the biologically active vitamin D3-metabolite 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3), influences the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase-2 in photothrombotically lesioned brain or is part of an independent neuroprotective mechanism. We compared groups of nonlesioned control rats and infarcted animals, which were treated with either 1,25-D3 or solvent at different times postlesion. In control animals, cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity was readily evident in almost all cortical neurons of layers II/III as well as in a few pyramidal cells in layer V. Following photothrombotic infarction of the right cortical hindlimb area, there was a significant, but transient, increase in cyclooxygenase-2 labeling which was restricted to neurons of the injured hemisphere in both 1,25- D3-treated and solvent-treated rats. Highest levels of cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity were seen at 12 and 24 h postlesion, followed by a gradual decrease at later time points. However, no significant differences were detected between 1,25-D3-treated and solvent-treated lesioned rats, indicating that postischemic neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 upregulation is not influenced by 1,25-D3. It is concluded that the neuroprotective effect of 1,25-D3 does not depend on modulations of neuronal COX-2 expression caused by postlesional hyperexcitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 2","pages":"129-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0056-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25875970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testis structure, spermatogenesis, spermatocytogenesis, and sperm structure in cardinal fish (Apogonidae, Perciformes).","authors":"Lev Fishelson,&nbsp;Yacob Delarea,&nbsp;Ofer Gon","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0050-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0050-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The testes in all 16 of the studied cardinal fish species are shown to be bilobed, with spermatogonia dispersed throughout the gametogenic epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. Each testicular lobe is covered luminally by an epithelium consisting of primary germ cells and Sertoli cells. At maturation the seminiferous tubules reach around 0.6-2.3 mm in length. They number from 60 in the smallest species to over 300 in the largest one, increasing both in dimension and number with increase in length of the male, and are species-specific. The highest number of spermatogonia is found at the apical ends of the tubules. During maturation extensions of Sertoli cells surround single or small groups of B-spermatogonia, forming the spermatocysts, the final dimensions of which reflect the final number of contained spermatozoids. Back-calculations of serial sections reveal that within the spermatocysts the spermatogonia undergo eight generations of mitotic divisions before the first and second meiotic divisions and formation of spermatids. The largest mature spermatocysts in large species attain around 180 microm in diameter, a volume of 25 mm(3), and contain around 8,200 spermatids. The total volume of sperm in the mature spermatocysts leaves enough space for the discarded cytoplasm and developing flagella. The bursting cysts liberate the ripe sperm and maturing spermatids, into the tubule lumen and spermduct, with the spermatids often still connected by cytoplasm bridges. The sperm, with one or two flagella, features round or oval heads and a cytoplasmic collar bearing a few mitochondria. The percentage of biflagellate or monoflagellate sperm differs in proportion in males of different lengths and in different species. Differences in spermatogenesis of small and larger species of cardinal fish are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 1","pages":"31-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0050-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25767767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro immunoblockade of VIP inhibits the proliferation of pituitary prolactin cells.","authors":"José Carretero,&nbsp;María Angoso,&nbsp;Manuel Rubio,&nbsp;Enrique J Blanco,&nbsp;Europa Sierra,&nbsp;Julio J Herrero,&nbsp;Emilio Pérez,&nbsp;Deborah J Burks","doi":"10.1007/s00429-005-0058-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-005-0058-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>VIP is a peptide synthesised in the pituitary gland and is involved in the stimulation of prolactin secretion. However, to date it has not been determined whether VIP is able to regulate the proliferation of pituitary prolactin-producing cells, like other factors involved in the regulation of prolactin such as estradiol or dopamine. The aim of the present study was to address whether VIP is involved in regulating the proliferation of pituitary prolactin-secreting cells. Thus, we performed an in vitro study on monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells, neutralising the possible paracrine effect of VIP by immunoblockade of the peptide and later determining the degree of proliferation of prolactin-secreting cells. The effects of immunoblockade were validated by determining the levels of VIP in the culture media, which were decreased (P < 0.01), and modifications in the patterns of the immunohistochemical reaction to prolactin-positive cells. Immunoblockade of VIP decreased the proliferation of pituitary prolactin-positive cells at all antibody concentrations analysed, mainly between 3 and 12 h (P < 0.01). Moreover, immunoblockade decreased the sizes of the cellular and nuclear areas, except at 1 h, at which point it only decreased the nuclear area of prolactin-positive cells. The results obtained suggest that-in the same way as it regulates the secretion of the hormone-VIP could be involved in regulating the proliferation of prolactin cells, like estradiol or dopamine.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 1","pages":"11-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-005-0058-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25736166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}