Anatomy and Embryology最新文献

{"title":"Fos immunoreactivity in some locomotor neural centres of 6OHDA-lesioned rats.","authors":"Claire E Heise,&nbsp;John Mitrofanis","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0130-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0130-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we explore Fos expression (a measure of cell activity) in three nuclei associated with locomotion, namely the zona incerta, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and cuneiform nucleus (the latter two form the mesencephalic locomotor region) in hemiparkinsonian rats. Sprague-Dawley rats had small volumes of either saline (control) or 6 hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) injected into the medial forebrain bundle, the major tract carrying dopaminergic nigrostriatal axons. After various post-lesion survival periods, ranging from 2 h to 28 days, rats were perfused with formaldehyde and their brains processed for routine tyrosine hydroxylase and Fos immunocytochemistry. Our results showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the number of strongly labelled Fos+ cells in the cuneiform nucleus in the 6OHDA-lesioned cases compared to the controls after 7 and 28 days survival periods. By contrast, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the number of strong-labelled Fos+ cells in the zona incerta and pedunculopontine nucleus of 6OHDA-lesioned rats compared to controls at any survival period. Many of the Fos+ cells within the pedunculopontine and cuneiform nuclei were glutamatergic (35-60%), while none or very few were nitric oxide synthase+. In conclusion, we reveal an increase in the number of strongly labelled Fos+ cells within the cuneiform nucleus of the so-called defensive locomotive system in 6OHDA-lesioned rats. In relation to Parkinson disease, we suggest that this increase is associated with the akinesia or lack of movement seen in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"659-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0130-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26280117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of calbindin-D28k, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the lateral nucleus of the sheep amygdaloid complex.","authors":"Cristiano Bombardi,&nbsp;Annamaria Grandis,&nbsp;Roberto Chiocchetti,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Lucchi","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0133-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0133-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes calbindin-D28k (CB), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) expression in the lateral nucleus of the sheep amygdaloid complex. Double immunofluorescence protocol was used in order to determine whether there is colocalization of CB and nNOS. The CB-immunoreactive (IR) neuronal population was composed especially of non-pyramidal neurons, but a few pyramidal cells were also present. The non-pyramidal neurons showed a multipolar and, occasionally, a fusiform morphology. The comparison between single-labeled CB-IR non-pyramidal neurons and cells belonging to CB-IR neuronal population showed they were identical for morphology, mean size, and distribution. The single-labeled CB-IR non-pyramidal neurons were only the 17.8% of the total non-pyramidal neurons counted. The nNOS-IR neuronal population was represented by non-pyramidal multipolar and fusiform neurons. Single-labeled nNOS-IR non-pyramidal neurons had the same morphology, mean area, and distribution as cells belonging to nNOS-IR neuronal population. Single-labeled nNOS-IR non-pyramidal neurons were more numerous than single-labeled CB-IR, and represented the 73.7% of total non-pyramidal neurons counted. NADPH-d-positive cells had the same morphology and distribution as the nNOS-IR neurons. Double immunolabeling (CB/nNOS) was found mostly in non-pyramidal multipolar neurons and only in a few non-pyramidal fusiform cells. These neurons had a mean perikaryal area significantly higher and significantly smaller than that of single-labeled nNOS and single-labeled CB-IR non-pyramidal neurons, respectively. CB and nNOS coexist only in a minority of non-pyramidal neurons (8.5%). The 32.4% of all CB-IR non-pyramidal neurons were nNOS-positive; only 10.4% of nNOS-IR non-pyramidal neurons were CB-positive. These results indicate that CB and nNOS are expressed by selective neurons and that the majority of nNOS-IR non-pyramidal neurons are lacking in CB.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"707-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0133-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26314578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of the glutamate transporters GLT-1 (SLC1A2) and GLAST (SLC1A3) in peripheral organs.","authors":"Urs V Berger,&nbsp;Matthias A Hediger","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0109-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0109-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST are widely expressed in astrocytes in the brain where they fulfill important functions during glutamatergic neurotransmission. The present study examines their distribution in peripheral organs using in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunocytochemistry. GLAST was found to be more widely distributed than GLT-1. GLAST was expressed primarily in epithelial cells, cells of the macrophage-lineage, lymphocytes, fat cells, interstitial cells, and salivary gland acini. GLT-1 was primarily expressed in glandular tissue, including mammary gland, lacrimal gland, and ducts and acini in salivary glands, but also by perivenous hepatocytes and follicular dendritic cells in spleen and lymph nodes. The findings demonstrate that, although expressed by the same cells in the brain, these two glutamate transporters have different distribution patterns in peripheral tissues and that they fulfill glutamate transport functions apart from glutamatergic neurotransmission in these areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"595-606"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0109-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26163643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The adrenal gland of newt Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Urodela) following in vivo betamethasone administration.","authors":"Anna Capaldo,&nbsp;Flaminia Gay,&nbsp;Maria De Falco,&nbsp;Francesca Virgilio,&nbsp;Vincenza Laforgia,&nbsp;Lorenzo Varano","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0096-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0096-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The response of the adrenal gland of Triturus carnifex to betamethasone administration was studied; the effects were evaluated by examination of the ultrastructural morphological features of the tissues as well as the serum levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, norepinephrine and epinephrine. In March and June, betamethasone significantly decreased the serum levels of aldosterone and corticosterone and the lipid droplet content in the steroidogenic cells. Moreover, betamethasone influenced the chromaffin tissue, enhancing in March (when the chromaffin cells produce norepinephrine and epinephrine in almost equal quantities) epinephrine serum levels and the numeric ratio between norepinephrine and epinephrine granules in the chromaffin cells. In June, (when the chromaffin cells contain almost exclusively norepinephrine granules) betamethasone administration raised norepinephrine serum levels, whereas a decrease in the numeric ratio between norepinephrine and epinephrine granules in the chromaffin cells was found. Finally, betamethasone administration did not evoke in June any increase in the mean number of epinephrine granules in the chromaffin cells and/or in epinephrine serum levels, as would be expected if phenyletanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) enzyme, converting norepinephrine into epinephrine, were activated by corticosteroids. The results of this study showed that betamethasone decreased aldosterone and corticosterone serum levels and enhanced catecholamine serum concentrations. Moreover, the present results suggest that a stimulatory role of glucocorticoids on PNMT enzyme may be ruled out.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"577-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0096-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25989893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size and number of binucleate and mononucleate superior cervical ganglion neurons in young capybaras.","authors":"Antonio Augusto Coppi Maciel Ribeiro","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0113-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0113-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The total number of neurons in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of adult capybaras is known from a previous study, where a marked occurrence of binucleate neurons (13%) was also noted. Here, distribution, number and fate of binucleate neurons were examined in younger, developing capybaras, aged 3 months. The mean neuronal cross-sectional area was 575.2 microm2 for mononucleate neurons and 806.8 microm2 in binucleate neurons. Frequency of binucleate neurons was about 36%. The mean ganglion volume was about 190 mm3 in young capybaras and the mean neuronal density was about 9,517 neurons/mm3. The total number of neurons per ganglion was about 1.81 mill. Neuronal cell bodies constituted 22.5% of the ganglion volume and the average neuronal volume was 23,600 microm3. By comparing the present data with those previously published the conclusion is drawn that the maturation period was characterized by the following points: a 26% remarkable decrease in neuronal density which was significant (P < 0.05) and a significant 16% (P < 0.05) decrease in the total number of SCG neurons accompanied by a 23% decrease in the total number of SCG binucleate neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"607-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0113-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26279498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-neuronal acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase in oviductal epithelial cells of cyclic and pregnant pigs.","authors":"M Steffl,&nbsp;M Schweiger,&nbsp;I Wessler,&nbsp;L Kunz,&nbsp;A Mayerhofer,&nbsp;W M Amselgruber","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0132-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0132-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Certain female reproductive tissues are known to express the non-neuronal cholinergic system. Using different experimental approaches, we tested the hypothesis that acetylcholine (ACh) in the porcine oviduct may also be derived from non-neuronal structures. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in different segments of the oviduct of cyclic and pregnant sows. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed strong immunoexpression of ChAT in the entire oviductal epithelium at metoestrus. Thereby, a particular pronounced staining was found in the supranuclear region of almost all epithelial cells. Immunostaining of ChAT decreased markedly during dioestrus and prooestrus stages, respectively. At prooestrus, ChAT immunoreactivity was confined to ciliated cells. Furthermore, we found elevated level of staining intensity of ChAT in the pregnant oviduct at day 13. Using the same ChAT antibody for Western blot analyses, we detected immunoreactive bands of MW 69,000 and 46,000 mainly in ampulla, while MW 58,000 and 30,000 forms were present mainly in infundibulum and isthmus. Furthermore ACh was detected by HPLC and fluorimetric methods in oviductal epithelium. In conclusion, we show expression of ChAT in oviductal epithelial cells at different stages of the oestrus cycle and pregnancy, indicating that these cells can synthesize ACh in a cycle-dependent manner. These results suggest as yet unexplored roles of epithelial ACh in the oviduct.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"685-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0132-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26294749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Location and variability of epicardiac ganglia in human fetuses.","authors":"Inga Saburkina,&nbsp;Dainius H Pauza","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0110-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0110-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to determine the morphology of epicardiac ganglia in human fetuses at different stages of their development as these ganglia are considered to be of a pivotal clinical importance. Twenty-one fetal hearts were investigated applying a technique of histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase to visualize the epicardiac neural ganglionated plexus with its subsequent stereoscopic examination on total organs. In all of the examined fetuses, epicardiac neural plexus with numerous ganglia was well recognizable and could be clearly differentiated into seven ganglionated subplexuses, topography and structural organization of which were typical for hearts of adult human. The largest ganglion number comprising 77% of all counted ganglia was identified on the dorsal atrial surface. Fetal epicardiac plexus in gestation period of 15-40 weeks contained 929 +/- 62 ganglia, but ganglion amount did vary substantially from heart to heart. In conclusion, this study implies that the human fetal epicardiac ganglia occupy their definitive location already at gestation period from 15 weeks and their number as well as distribution on heart surface presumably is not age dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"585-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0110-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26191251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The postnatal development of the optic nerve of a reptile (Vipera aspis): A quantitative ultrastructural study.","authors":"M Bennis,&nbsp;J Repérant,&nbsp;R Ward,&nbsp;J-P Rio,&nbsp;S Ba M'hamed,&nbsp;B Jay","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0135-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0135-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The number of axons in the optic nerve of the ovoviviparous reptile Vipera aspis was estimated from electron micrographs taken during the first 5 weeks of postnatal life. One to two days after birth, the optic nerve contains about 170,000 fibres, of which about 9% are myelinated. At the end of the fifth postnatal week, the number of optic fibres has fallen to about 100,000, of which about 42% are myelinated. This fibre loss continues after the fifth postnatal week, since in the adult viper the nerve contains about 60,000 fibres, of which 85% are myelinated; overall, about 65% of the optic nerve fibres present at birth disappear before the number of axons stabilises at the adult level. This study shows, for the first time, that the mode of development of the visual axons of reptiles is not that of anamniote vertebrates but similar to that of birds and mammals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"691-705"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0135-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26470920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myogenin (Myf4) upregulation in trans-differentiating fibroblasts from a congenital myopathy with arrest of myogenesis and defects of myotube formation.","authors":"Claudia Weise,&nbsp;Fangping Dai,&nbsp;Felicitas Pröls,&nbsp;Uwe-Peter Ketelsen,&nbsp;Ulrike Dohrmann,&nbsp;Mathias Kirsch,&nbsp;Beate Brand-Saberi","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0117-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0117-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital myopathies often have an unclear aetiology. Here, we studied a novel case of a severe congenital myopathy with a failure of myotube formation. Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis was performed to characterize the expression patterns of the Desmin, p21, p57, and muscle regulatory factors (MRFs) MyoD, Myf4, Myf5 and Myf6 in differentiating skeletal muscle cells (SkMCs), normal human fibroblasts and patient-derived fibroblasts during trans-differentiation. The temporal and spatial pattern of MRFs was further characterized by immunocyto- and immunohistochemical stainings. In differentiating SkMCs, each MRF showed a characteristic expression pattern. Normal trans-differentiating fibroblasts formed myotubes and expressed all of the MRFs, which were detected. Interestingly, the patient's fibroblasts also showed some fusion events during trans-differentiation with a comparable expression profile for the MRFs, particularly, with increased expression of Myf4 and p21. Immunohistochemical analysis of normal and patient-derived skeletal musculature revealed that Myf4, which is downregulated during normal fetal development, was still present in patient-derived skeletal head muscle, which was also positive for Desmin and sarcomeric actin. The abnormal upregulation of Myf4 and p21 in the patient who suffered from a severe congenital myopathy suggests that the regulation of Myf4 and p21 gene expression during myogenesis might be of interest for further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"639-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0117-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26313125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of the avian gene cNOC2 encoding nucleolar complex associated protein 2 during embryonic development.","authors":"Xiaobing Zhang,&nbsp;Fangping Dai,&nbsp;Claudia Weise,&nbsp;Faisal Yusuf,&nbsp;Alexander Bonafede,&nbsp;Gabriela Morosan-Puopolo,&nbsp;Rizwan Rehimi,&nbsp;Jianlin Wang,&nbsp;Beate Brand-Saberi","doi":"10.1007/s00429-006-0115-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-006-0115-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic information that directs a cell during different phases of embryogenesis is locked up in the genome. Therein is contained the road map for growth, proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. The cellular transportation machinery plays a major role to ensure that all the components for transcription and translation are available at the right place at the right time. Nucleolar complex associated protein2 (NOC2) has a highly conserved UPF0120 domain, and is an element involved in ribosome transportation from the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm. However, its gene expression pattern is still unknown. We chose the developing chick embryo to investigate the possible involvement of avian NOC2 (cNOC2) in developmental processes, particularly neurogenesis and myogenesis. For this purpose, we constructed a fragment of chicken cNOC2, which contains the UPF0120 domain coding sequence, into pDrive vector, and performed in situ hybridization on chicken embryos of different stages with this gene probe. A dynamic expression pattern of cNOC2 transcripts can be seen beginning as early as from stage HH7 until stage HH32. Using in situ hybridization we could detect that cNOC2 transcripts were expressed ubiquitously, but prominent expression could be found in the neural tissue, the somites and in the developing limbs. Comparison of cNOC2 gene expression with the proliferation marker gene cPCNA, muscle specific marker genes cMyf5 and cMyoD in single or double in situ hybridisation show that cNOC2 is expressed in the myotome, similar to cMyf5 and cMyoD, but not like cPCNA, which is hardly detectable in the myotome. Our results suggest that cNOC2 is involved in the development of neural tissue, somites and limbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7806,"journal":{"name":"Anatomy and Embryology","volume":"211 6","pages":"649-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00429-006-0115-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26285164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}