Psychopharmacology. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"The effects of benzodiazepines on short-term memory and information processing.","authors":"Z Subhan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of flunitrazepam 1 mg, triazolam 0.25 mg, lormetazepam 1 mg and placebo on stages of information processing in a Sternberg memory scanning task were investigated in ten normal volunteers. Overall reaction times for the task were increased 1 h following treatment with triazolam and both 1 h and 10 h following treatment with flunitrazepam. Response latencies were not appreciably altered by lormetazepam or placebo. The effects of flunitrazepam and triazolam were found to be localised in the stimulus encoding and serial comparison stages of the reaction process and not in response-selection organisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"173-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17213212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of two benzodiazepines on the speed and accuracy of perceptual-motor performance in the elderly.","authors":"K Morgan","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The daytime performance efficiency of 12 elderly subjects of average age 81.5 years (range 75-96 years) was examined in a cross-over study following lormetazepam 1 mg, nitrazepam 5 mg, and placebo capsules nightly for 7 nights. Performance was assessed on the Gibson spiral maze, and a reciprocal tapping task. In both tasks the speed and the accuracy of performance were independently measured. Performance testing sessions were conducted on the morning following the first, and the morning following the seventh dose of each of the three experimental treatments. Performance on the Gibson spiral maze showed no significant effect of either of the active drugs. On the reciprocal tapping task, speed was similarly unaffected by both drugs. However, while neither drug significantly affected overall accuracy after the first dose, nitrazepam but not lormetazepam significantly impaired overall accuracy after seven consecutive doses. This difference between nitrazepam and lormetazepam was significant. Further analyses showed nitrazepam consistently to be associated with impaired accuracy at both intermediate and high levels of task complexity. Lormetazepam, on the other hand, was associated with impairment only at the highest level of task complexity. The overall pattern of impairment associated with nitrazepam, but not with lormetazepam, was consistent with drug accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"79-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17213953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep, benzodiazepines and performance. Experimental methodologies and research prospects.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17214103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysomnographic and MMPI characteristics of patients with insomnia.","authors":"F Zorick,&nbsp;N Kribbs,&nbsp;T Roehrs,&nbsp;T Roth","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report represents the polysomnographic aspects of sleep and the psychological characteristics of a large series of patients with insomnia classified according to the diagnostic system of the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. The findings for patients in the various diagnostic categories were compared to those of symptomatic patients with no objective findings. 9 specific diagnoses were made, but 4 diagnoses accounted for the majority of patients. The 4 most prevalent were psychophysiological disorders (15%), psychiatric disorders (17%), nocturnal myoclonus and restless legs (18%), and no objective findings (19%). Patients of a sleep disorders center are a select population and may not be representative of the general population of patients with insomnia complaints. The psychological characteristics of the different diagnostic groups were assessed by computing the number of elevations on the MMPI. Patients with a psychiatric diagnosis exhibited the highest number of MMPI elevations, as might be expected. Patients with nocturnal myoclonus had the lowest number of elevations. The other groups did not significantly differ from the group with no objective findings. Polysomnographic measures of sleep differed considerably among the diagnostic groups. The groups with medical disorders, respiratory impairment, atypical polysomnographic features, and nocturnal myoclonus had similar short sleep latencies to those of the group with no objective findings. With longer wake times before sleep and significantly different from patients with no objective findings were the psychophysiological disorder, psychiatric disorder and drug and alcohol groups. Patients with a circadian rhythm disturbance had the longest latencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"2-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17647271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep, benzodiazepines and performance: issues and comments.","authors":"I Hindmarch,&nbsp;H Ott","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"194-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17213214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines after single oral doses: kinetic and physiochemical correlates.","authors":"D J Greenblatt,&nbsp;R M Arendt,&nbsp;R I Shader","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Differences among various benzodiazepines in onset and intensity of action after single oral doses are not attributable to differences in blood brain barrier permeability. When given parenterally all benzodiazepines rapidly enter brain tissue and have a rapid onset of action, indicating that passage from blood to brain is not the rate-limiting factor (Arendt et al. 1983). Rather it is the difference in rate of absorption - passage from the gastrointestinal tract to systemic blood - that largely determines the onset of action after single oral doses. This difference in absorption rate in turn depends on the relative lipophilicity as well as the characteristics of the pharmaceutical formulation. There are benefits and disadvantages associated with rapid as well as with slow absorption profiles, depending on the clinical situation and the patient's expectations and particular pattern of drug sensitivity. The suggestion that a drug \"works promptly but does not produce initial euphoria\" is contradictory, since rapid absorption is the mechanism for both of these effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"92-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17213955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological performance models as indicators of the effects of hypnotic drugs on sleep.","authors":"I Hindmarch","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A theoretical and practical scheme for the measurement of change in psychological performance is presented. An information processing paradigm is used as the basis for the model while personality, memory, motivational and experiential variables are shown to be amenable to control via the application of standard experimental methodologies. The model is realised in practical experimental terms in the use of measures of choice reaction time and critical flicker fusion threshold. The reliability and sensitivity of these parsimonious indices of performance change is illustrated in a brief review of the effects of benzodiazepine hypnotics on early morning performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"58-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17441255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issues in the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.","authors":"W Dement,&nbsp;W Seidel,&nbsp;M Carskadon","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most people attribute a restorative function to sleep. This is because experimental or clinical sleep disturbance is usually followed by annoying symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness the following day. Can these daytime changes be documented objectively? In the past several years, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) has been developed and validated as an objective quantitative measure of sleepiness. Multiple assessments of sleep latency yield a profile of sleepiness across the day. This profile changes in the predicted direction with acute total and partial sleep deprivation, chronic sleep deprivation, sleep satiation, and in comparisons between hypersomnia patients and controls. Sleep and wakefulness are complementary phases in the daily cycle of human existence. Adequacy of sleep and energetic wakefulness next day are interacting phases in this cycle. Insomnia can be seen as a perception of disturbed sleep with daytime consequences, but is essentially also a symptom. This paper reviews a number of issues in the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. The dimensions, daytime consequences and longitudinal aspects of insomnia are considered. Most investigations to date have been geared towards the problem of chronic insomnia and yet we are all likely to suffer from transient insomnia at some point. Psychiatric and psychophysiological disorders have been shown to be the most frequent causes of disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep. Moreover, there is an apparent disparity between subjective and objective sleep parameters with, for example, objectively disturbed sleep in noncomplaining subjects. The criteria of hypnotic efficacy and the effects of triazolam and flurazepam on sleep and daytime alertness have been investigated in normals, chronic insomniacs and the elderly. In general, chronic insomniacs showed all degrees of daytime alertness regardless of nocturnal sleep parameters. About one-third could be classified as fully alert all day long in spite of their complaints. The effect of flurazepam and triazolam on sleep (improvement) was essentially the same. Daytime effects were most closely related to half-life. The long-acting benzodiazepine, flurazepam, impaired daytime alertness although nocturnal sleep was improved. Triazolam improved not only nighttime sleep but also daytime alertness.</p>","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"11-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17442284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lormetazepam--plasma concentrations in volunteers following sublingual and oral dosing.","authors":"I. Hindmarch, H.Ott T.Roth","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 1","pages":"99-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51038135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with a benzodiazepine radioreceptor assay.","authors":"R Dorow","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69659-6_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the presence of benzodiazepine (BD) receptors was demonstrated in mammalian brain tissue, simple, sensitive and rapid techniques have been established to use BD-receptor preparations for specific radioreceptor assays (RRA). The RRA allows in vitro estimations of receptor affinity and concentration of BD in biological material, e.g. the time course of total BD binding activity in plasma (parent compound and active metabolites) may be evaluated. Several studies in volunteers with short and long-acting BD used as sedatives and hypnotics including diazepam (DZP), flunitrazepam (FNZ), flurazepam (FZP), lormetazepam (LMZ), oxazepam, temazepam and triazolam indicate that pharmacokinetic data (e.g. elimination half-lives of receptor active compounds) concur with the results obtained from other methods, if active metabolites are taken into account. For the evaluation of BD long-term and hangover effects in two placebo controlled double-blind studies (placebo vs. 1 mg and 2 mg LMZ, 2 mg FNZ, 30 mg FZP, 10 mg DZP) BD-binding equivalents and pharmaco-EEG recordings, subjective state, psychomotor as well as cognitive function were determined by standardized methods up to 154 hours following drug administration. Compared to placebo a distinct long-lasting increase in the relative power in beta-frequencies (12.5-30 Hz) and an impairment of psychomotor performance could be evidenced up to 12 h following FNZ and FZP intake. These effects correspond to the BD-binding activity in plasma. These findings indicate that BD-receptor preparations as used for the RRA are valuable tools to investigate binding affinities and pharmacokinetic properties of BD. Plasma levels of RRA active material may reflect a better correspondence to some clinical effects of BD than levels of the parent compound alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":77887,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology. Supplementum","volume":"1 ","pages":"105-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17213206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}