CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology最新文献

{"title":"Cerebral circulatory and metabolic effects of perivascular neurotransmitters.","authors":"E T MacKenzie,&nbsp;B Scatton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article we review the most recent literature that concerns the various neurotransmitters that are known to innervate the cerebral circulation. The best characterized of these systems (the adrenergic and serotonergic pathways) are discussed extensively, but other putative neurovascular pathways (cholinergic and peptidergic nerves) was covered. The review will be divided into five major sections: the origin and nature of the perivascular nerve fibers in the cerebrovascular bed (this section encompasses both morphological and biochemical investigations); the response of isolated cerebral vessels to neurotransmitters and transmural nerve stimulation (covering the uptake and release of transmitters by brain vessels as well as the pre- and postsynaptic effects of these agents on cerebrovascular smooth muscle); the effects of neurotransmitter and other vasoactive agents on cerebral perfusion and metabolism in vivo. This section includes the effects of perivascular nerve stimulation or ablation on cerebral blood flow as well as on capillary (i.e., blood-brain barrier) properties. The regional metabolic effects of neurotransmitters are compared to their known effects on neuronal function; the involvement of various neurotransmitters in a number of cerebrovascular diseases (in particular, migraine, cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia, or stroke); and we attempt to synthesize the ever-increasing literature on the origin and function of the multiple innervation of two other noncerebral, intracranial tissues: the choroid plexus and the dura mater.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"357-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14423802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processing of sensory information in the hippocampus.","authors":"S A Deadwyler,&nbsp;T C Foster,&nbsp;R E Hampson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The functional significance of the mammalian hippocampal formation is considered within the context of specific neural circuits responsible for the processing of sensory information. The anatomic and physiologic features of the major input pathways from the hypothalamus, septum, and entorhinal cortex are reviewed with regard to sensory activation of hippocampal cell fields. A model is presented which interrelates the functional plasticity of hippocampal synaptic processes to reciprocal connections between input and output pathways. The manner in which sensory responsiveness is modulated in the rat dentate gyrus as a function of both cognitive and behavioral factors is described. The hippocampus is discussed with respect to its role as a short-term item-specific store of behaviorally relevant sensory information.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"335-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14423801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ganglioside enhancement of neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and repair.","authors":"A Gorio","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gangliosides are carbohydrate-rich complex lipids of large size and great complexity which are found in cell membranes, especially neuronal cell membranes. They are present in the external leaflet of the membrane. The hydrophobic moiety, consisting of sphingosine and fatty acid (stearic acid, 95%), is inserted into the membrane, while the hydrophilic moiety, consisting of sialic acid (NANA) and other carbohydrates, protrudes towards the extracellular fluid. Although gangliosides were discovered some 50 years ago, their potential role in neuronal functions has been appreciated only recently. During development, their composition and concentration change in a variety of animal species. Their role is indicated from studies which have shown that abnormalities in ganglioside metabolism can have a severe impairing effect on normal development. The mouse mutant weaver is characterized by cerebellar granule cell death, which is correlated by the lack of GM1 expression on the neuronal surface. On the other hand, inborn metabolic errors causing ganglioside accumulation in neurons (GM1 gangliosides) are correlated to an aberrant neurite outgrowth. A further appreciation of ganglioside action has been obtained either by adding gangliosides to neurons in culture or by treating animals during neuronal regeneration. It was found that these agents increased the rate and extent of sprouting of regenerating axons and enhanced neuronal differentiation and sprouting in vitro. Such effects were dependent upon the presence of the growth factor in the bathing medium; ganglioside incorporation, however, did not alter nerve growth factor (NGF) binding and internalization, indicating that some membrane events triggered by ganglioside incorporation may be relevant in neuronal differentiation and sprouting. More recently, we have obtained evidence showing that neurons from animals treated with gangliosides are more resistant to anoxia and ionic unbalances. It seems that ganglioside treatment prevents the decay of some key enzyme activity, such as Na+-K+-ATPase occurring after trauma. Indeed, the recent literature suggests that gangliosides may play an important role during development and, when injected into animals, enhance reparatory events in the central and peripheral nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 3","pages":"241-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14659075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurobiology of human herpesvirus infections.","authors":"R W Price","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Critical to the adaptation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to its human host is a complex interaction with the peripheral nervous system. The \"life cycle\" of the virus depends not only on axoplasmic transport which carries virus to and from the infected ganglia, but also on variable expression of the virus within ganglionic neurons. During latency, limited viral gene expression allows the virus to persist undetected by immune defenses, while intermittent reactivation, perhaps triggered by metabolic perturbation of these neurons, leads to production of new virus with subsequent transmission. In parasitizing its host, the virus exploits a number of the specialized properties of neurons and supporting cells. A second important type of HSV-1 infection involves the central nervous system (CNS). Herpes encephalitis, an uncommon yet severe disease, represents an aberrant interaction of the virus and host that is at present poorly understood. This review examines current understanding of HSV-1 infections of both the peripheral and CNS from a neurobiological perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 1","pages":"61-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14156748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectroscopic methods in degenerative neurological diseases.","authors":"D A Butterfield","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The molecular basis of many degenerative neurological diseases remains unknown. Biochemical, morphological, and genetic studies of several tissue types have provided some clues of the pathogenesis and etiology of such disorders; however, it has been spectroscopic investigations that have in several instances provided unifying bases for understanding the molecular defects involved. In particular, electron spin resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopic studies of cell membranes have provided needed insight into degenerative neurological disorders. This article will provide a brief background to each of the spectroscopic techniques listed above, will summarize our current understanding of cell membrane with special emphasis on the erythrocyte, and finally will give a critical evaluation of the literature of spectroscopic methods in degenerative neurological diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 2","pages":"169-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14659074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single fiber EMG, macro EMG, and scanning EMG. New ways of looking at the motor unit.","authors":"E Stålberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review of different EMG techniques has pointed to their value in studies of the normal and abnormal motor unit. It also shows that the combination of techniques gives more information than each of them alone. This approach makes possible a description of the microphysiology and anatomical arrangement of muscle fibers in a motor unit, as well as the motor unit size. Electrophysiological tests can also describe the physiological status of the motor unit in more detail than previously. It is hoped that these methods will help in the study of normal motor unit in man, will guide the physician to arrive at a diagnosis, and that they may further the understanding of pathophysiological processes in neuromuscular disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 2","pages":"125-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14659073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of growth factors in neuronal development and plasticity.","authors":"K A Crutcher","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of growth factors in the development of the nervous system, as well as in injury-induced plasticity, is of great interest. A neuronal growth factor is any substance that influences the growth of neurons, but two general classes of factors exist: diffusible substances and substrate-bound factors. Growth factors may affect neuronal survival as well as the extent and rate of neurite outgrowth in vitro. Although progress is slowly being made in the identification and characterization of putative growth factors, nerve growth factor (NGF) is the only identified molecule that clearly influences neuronal growth in vivo. Furthermore, although there are many examples of neuronal plasticity following injury, the role of growth factors in such rearrangements remains to be established. However, one model of collateral sprouting of axons from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) into the central nervous system (CNS) appears to involve the action of a growth factor with properties similar to NGF. The identification of specific molecules that affect neuronal growth should lead to an understanding of the etiology of degenerative neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and, hopefully, to rational therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 3","pages":"297-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14659076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurological regulation of body weight.","authors":"B E Levin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have now come full circle, from a consideration of the factors influencing the control of BW regulation to a review of the human disorders in which these control mechanisms no longer function appropriately. Experimental observation in both animals and man has led to the inescapable conclusion that FI, BW regulation, and thermogenesis are controlled in large part by the CNS. In man, the fairly stable regulation of BW within reasonably close bounds strongly suggests that BW is monitored in some way, and that FI and energy expenditure are regulated in response to this afferent set of signals. Certainly, the number of factors are legion which can influence the central integration and the effector mechanisms by which FI and energy expenditure are regulated by the CNS. The most striking observation is the relative precision with which the overall system works and how few are the number of pathological conditions which severely alter the regulation of BW. The most prominent challenges in this field are the identification of both the sensors of the nutritional status, composition and weight of the organism, and of the actual effectors of thermogenesis in mammals. A more complete understanding of these factors should enable us to better control perturbations of BW under pathological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14659072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The kindling model of epilepsy: a critical review.","authors":"J O McNamara,&nbsp;D W Bonhaus,&nbsp;C Shin,&nbsp;B J Crain,&nbsp;R L Gellman,&nbsp;J L Giacchino","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kindling is an animal model of epilepsy induced by electrical stimulation of the brain. This model has attracted the interest of many neuroscientists, in part because it involves a robust, permanent modification of brain function. This report will describe the kindling phenomenon and critically review current understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The review will carefully consider whether this model accurately reflects analogous processes in humans. The review will consider some hypotheses inspired by the kindling studies which may be relevant to human epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"1 4","pages":"341-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15030321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional correlates of structural brain injury with particular emphasis on post-stroke mood disorders.","authors":"R G Robinson,&nbsp;R M Chait","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reviews the emotional disorders which have historically been associated with brain injury and hypotheses about the nature of the relationship between emotional symptoms and neuropathology. Although a causal connection between emotional disorders and neurophysiological changes in the brain has been proposed, most clinicians have attributed the emotional disorders to a psychological response to the lesion-induced impairments. Relatively recent studies utilizing measurement of emotions, however, have suggested that emotional symptoms are not explained by severity of impairment. Studies of lateralization of emotional response to brain injury are discussed which exemplify the development of neurobiological theories for post-brain injury mood disorders. The importance of lesion size and location, time since injury, as well as physical and intellectual impairments and social factors on post-brain injury emotional disorders, are all reviewed in relation to recent findings. Results of a recent double-blind drug study suggest that post-stroke depressive disorders may be treatable with antidepressants.</p>","PeriodicalId":77841,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical neurobiology","volume":"1 4","pages":"285-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15030320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}