Psychiatric developments最新文献_第4页

Ambidirectional studies--an extension of longitudinal studies in psychiatry. 双向研究——精神病学纵向研究的延伸。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

P B Mortensen

引用次数: 0

Neurotic disturbance in pregnancy--a review. 妊娠期神经性障碍——综述。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

E A Campbell

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Aging and mania. 衰老和躁狂症。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

E H Rubin

引用次数: 0

Psychotherapy and the etiology of psychiatric disorders. 心理治疗和精神疾病的病因学。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

S B Guze

{"title":"Psychotherapy and the etiology of psychiatric disorders.","authors":"S B Guze","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares two broad views of psychotherapy, the etiological and the rehabilitative. The etiological view is based on the premise that the psychotherapeutic process provides a basis for laying bare the causal link between 'deeply repressed' unconscious forces and the patient's current condition. Spence's critique of this position is based on drawing a distinction between narrative truth and historical truth, pointing out the persuasive or rhetorical power of a coherent synthesis of the material presented by the patient, regardless of its historical veracity. Michels also draws attention to this difficulty by pointing to Freud's discovery that reports from childhood were based not on fact, but on fantasies which re-emerge in the transference relationship. The proposal that the therapist provides a context more conducive to the resolution of childhood trauma implies that the trauma was fact and not fantasy. Frank has drawn the parallel between confession in a cueless vacuum with brainwashing techniques which result in the confession of non-events. Besides these difficulties, the etiological approach cannot establish the direction of supposed causality linking childhood events, repressed psychological forces and the patient's condition. The apparently consistent pattern of expectations, perceptions, behavior and 'defenses' may themselves be the effects rather than the causes of the patient's condition. The psychotherapeutic process is intrinsically incapable of deciding objectively between these possibilities. Grunbaum has emphasized this epistemological weakness in the etiological position. The author therefore proposes a more pragmatic, rehabilitative, view of the psychotherapeutic process. Psychotherapy that deals with the personal and social life of the patient may help to alter the circumstances that contribute to discomfort, or change behavior that leads to dissatisfaction, without any commitment to unproven etiological theories. In this sense, psychotherapy, like physiotherapy and rehabilitation, is non-specific and can be applied without making any assumptions regarding specific causal conditions or pathogenetic factors.","PeriodicalId":77773,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatric developments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14374246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lithium augmentation in refractory depression. 顽固性抑郁症的锂增强治疗。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

C L Katona

{"title":"Lithium augmentation in refractory depression.","authors":"C L Katona","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The addition of lithium salts to the treatment regime of depressed patients who have failed to respond to adequate courses of antidepressant drugs shows great promise in meeting the considerable challenge of refractory depression. Although the mechanisms whereby lithium exerts its augmentatory action have not been fully elucidated, the available evidence supports the hypothesis that lithium-induced enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission is involved. Enhancement or stabilization of cholinergic neurotransmission, and inhibition of the phosphoinositide second messenger system may also be relevant. In view of lithium's well established efficacy as an antidepressant in its own right, it is also unclear whether a separate augmentatory mechanism needs to be invoked, rather than an additive synergistic action with concurrently administered conventional antidepressants. Several case reports suggest that lithium augmentation may be effective in otherwise extremely refractory cases of depression. Despite a number of methodological limitations, the body of evidence from open and placebo controlled clinical trials suggests strongly that a response rate to lithium augmentation of about 60 per cent may be expected. Further clinical trials are needed to clarify the characteristics of likely responders to lithium augmentation, and the use of neuroendocrine probes may be particularly useful in elucidating the neurotransmitter mechanisms involved.","PeriodicalId":77773,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatric developments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14202189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states: a reply to commentaries. 统一的人格生物社会理论及其在焦虑状态发展中的作用:对评论的回复。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

C R Cloninger

{"title":"A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states: a reply to commentaries.","authors":"C R Cloninger","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The comments by Gray, Gelder, Liebowitz, Eysenck, Nurnberger, Roy and Linnoila are discussed. Most of the recommendations in the comments have already been carried out and the others are under way. Specifically, practical assessment instruments have been developed, and their psychometric properties are under investigation. Explicit criteria for systematic diagnosis of personality disorders have been developed. Longitudinal studies have been carried out to evaluate the predictive validity of the scales. Empirical tests have confirmed the predicted relationship between novelty seeking and somatic anxiety, as well as between harm avoidance and cognitive anxiety. A more detailed model of the underlying neural processes has been described. Growing evidence of norepinephrine's role in reward dependence has been reported. Finally, a more comprehensive learning model has been developed that can account for both the higher-order and the lower-order factor structure of personality in terms of specific stimulus-response characteristics. Several commentators have provided additional evidence supporting the predicted role of the monoamines in modulating personality and learning. Finally, predictions from my model about pain sensitivity, stimulus intensity modulation, and the factor structure of personality have been compared to those of Gray and Eysenck. The predictions are confirmed for my model, but not those of Gray or Eysenck.","PeriodicalId":77773,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatric developments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14043117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The possible role of dopamine autoreceptors in neuroleptic atypicality. 多巴胺自身受体在抗精神病药非典型性中的可能作用。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

D C Javitt, S L Weinstein, L A Opler

引用次数: 0

Filamentous proteins in Alzheimer's disease: new insights through molecular biology. 阿尔茨海默病的丝状蛋白:通过分子生物学的新见解。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

W E Klunk, D J Abraham

{"title":"Filamentous proteins in Alzheimer's disease: new insights through molecular biology.","authors":"W E Klunk, D J Abraham","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in the study of the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuritic plaques (NP), and cerebrovascular amyloid found in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) victims have greatly expanded our understanding of the molecular biology of this disease. Paired helical filaments (PHF) are the primary intracellular filamentous deposit. They appear to be distinct from normal cytoskeletal proteins, but they do contain a significant component of a microtubule-associated protein called 'tau'. Amyloid fibrils make up the extracellular filamentous deposits in AD. Amyloid fibrils are composed of a small protein of about 43 amino acids which has been sequenced. Some investigators suggest PHF are composed of this same protein, but this remains debatable. Molecular genetic studies have shown that a gene which codes for a larger protein containing the sequence of the 'beta-amyloid protein' exists in many tissues and in many species. Interestingly, this gene is located on chromosome 21 which is also the location of the familial AD gene, but these 2 genes are distinct. Several hypotheses exist on the origin of these abnormal deposits and range from neuronal origin to synthesis outside of the CNS with transportation via the blood. The implications of these recent advances are great and include the possibility of accurate and early antemortem diagnostic tests for AD, as well as therapeutic manipulation of the synthesis, deposition, or removal of these filamentous proteins.","PeriodicalId":77773,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatric developments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14043116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Child temperament as a developmental or an epidemiological concept: a methodological point of view. 儿童气质作为一个发展或流行病学的概念:一个方法论的观点。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1988-01-01

M Maziade

{"title":"Child temperament as a developmental or an epidemiological concept: a methodological point of view.","authors":"M Maziade","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiological and developmental methodologies are 2 complementary approaches to the study of the relationship between adverse temperament and the development of personality and psychopathology in childhood. The association between adverse temperament and clinical disorders in childhood is now well documented in the general population. This paper argues that at least 5 epidemiological questions about child temperament need answers before investing time and energy in limited analyses of molecular interactions between temperament and specific environmental characteristics. (1) We need to know to what extent child adverse temperament really increases risk of clinical disorders; this must be expressed quantitatively and compared with the other well-documented psychosocial risk factors. (2) We need to test, in random samples, different general models of the temperament-environment interplay through the 'additive, synergistic, control of exposure to other environmental risks' paradigm. (3) Do we have evidence that adverse temperament interacts with some of the well-known psychosocial risk factors or with special areas of family functioning? (4) Does adverse temperament predispose, in the general population, to particular types of childhood disorders or is there a non-specific risk effect? (5) Are there sex differences in the risk associated with adverse temperament in the population?","PeriodicalId":77773,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatric developments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14374247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biological predictors of success of antidepressant drug therapy. 抗抑郁药物治疗成功的生物学预测因素。

Psychiatric developments Pub Date : 1987-01-01

E Fähndrich

{"title":"Biological predictors of success of antidepressant drug therapy.","authors":"E Fähndrich","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The predictive value of patients' characteristics with regard to subsequent success of antidepressant therapy was investigated in a prospective study. Starting from the amine-deficiency hypotheses the sample was randomized and 30 patients were treated with maprotiline, 30 with clomipramine. Sociodemographic data, data about the immediate history of the illness and also most of the psychopathological symptoms before the start of treatment have no predictive capacity. Predictors of a subsequent response to clomipramine proved to be: positive reaction to sleep deprivation, decrease in MAO activity as a result of sleep deprivation, absence of signs of fatigue in the EEG after the first infusion, a serum concentration of at least 75 ng clomipramine/ml serum or 30 ng desmethyl-clomipramine/ml serum on the 7th day of treatment. A negative response to sleep deprivation, an increase in MAO activity as a result of sleep deprivation, the appearance of signs of fatigue (vigilance index) in the EEG after the first infusion as well as obvious autonomic symptoms before the start of treatment are indicative of a response to maprotiline. Diurnal variations of mood point rather to a general responsiveness to antidepressants without preference for a particular antidepressant. The results of this study provide theoretical reasons why unchangeable characteristics of patients, so-called 'static variables', can be of only slight predictive value. In contrast, changeable characteristics, so-called 'dynamic variables', such as reaction to sleep deprivation, EEG changes resulting from the first infusion, etc., could be of predictive value.","PeriodicalId":77773,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatric developments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14749108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0