{"title":"Radioimmunoassay.","authors":"R. Yalow","doi":"10.1036/1097-8542.569900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.569900","url":null,"abstract":"Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a technique in which researchers use radioactive isotopes as traceable tags to quantify specific biochemical substances from blood samples. Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson developed the method in the 1950s while working at the Bronx Veterans Administration (VA) Hospital in New York City, New York. RIA requires small samples of blood, yet it is extremely sensitive to minute quantities of biological molecules within the sample. The use of RIA improved the accuracy of many kinds of medical diagnoses, and it influenced hormone [6] and immune research around the world. Before the RIA was developed, other methods that detected or measured small concentrations of biochemical substances required large samples of blood—often too large for researchers to collect. With the development of RIA, researchers could use a single drop of blood to detect and measure the concentration of some biochemical substances. By 1970 doctors used RIA to measure follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones [7] to diagnose and treat infertility [8] in women. Further developments led to neonatal screening programs for hypothyroidism.","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"327-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41619285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biochemistry of genetic recombination: energetics and mechanism of DNA strand exchange.","authors":"S C Kowalczykowski","doi":"10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002543","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"20 ","pages":"539-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12992315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structure and function of a lipoprotein: lipovitellin.","authors":"L Banaszak, W Sharrock, P Timmins","doi":"10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001253","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"20 ","pages":"221-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13028169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry: a study of myoglobin and rhodopsin.","authors":"K S Peters, T Watson, K Marr","doi":"10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"20 ","pages":"343-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13028172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Statistical methods and insights for protein and DNA sequences.","authors":"S Karlin, P Bucher, V Brendel, S F Altschul","doi":"10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"20 ","pages":"175-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13028167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Models for receptor-mediated cell phenomena: adhesion and migration.","authors":"D A Lauffenburger","doi":"10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"20 ","pages":"387-414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.002131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12816932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrostatic energy and macromolecular function.","authors":"A Warshel, J Aqvist","doi":"10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001411","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"20 ","pages":"267-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.001411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12878813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Two-, three-, and four-dimensional NMR methods for obtaining larger and more precise three-dimensional structures of proteins in solution.","authors":"G M Clore, A M Gronenborn","doi":"10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.000333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.000333","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77489,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry","volume":"20 ","pages":"29-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.bb.20.060191.000333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12816930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}