Cytokines Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93005

Roxana Rodrígez-Barrera, Adrián Flores-Romero, J. García-Sánchez, L. Navarro-Torres, Marcela Garibay-López, Elisa García-Vences

{"title":"Cytokines in Scar Glial Formation after an Acute and Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Roxana Rodrígez-Barrera, Adrián Flores-Romero, J. García-Sánchez, L. Navarro-Torres, Marcela Garibay-López, Elisa García-Vences","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.93005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93005","url":null,"abstract":"The inflammatory response after a spinal cord injury (SCI) is a secondary mechanism of damage, this involves alterations at the local and systemic level, and it is mediated by cytokine participation that takes part actively. The excessive inflammatory response causes an autoreactive response that targets against components of the nervous tissue; this response lengthens the inflammatory process initiated during the acute phase. The participation of immune cells in acute phases is characterized by the arrival of neutrophils, macrophages, and microglia, as well as T lymphocytes, which express their peaks on different days post-injury (1st, 3rd, and 11th respectively). The chronic phase of the injury begins 14 days after it occurred, reaching its highest point at 60 days, and can still be detected the following 180 days. One of the outcomes of the inflammatory process and cytokine synthesis is the generation of glial scar. In this chapter, we will review the different cytokine mechanisms involved in the formation of glial scar in acute and chronic phases, as well as the modulating treatments of glial scar.","PeriodicalId":77093,"journal":{"name":"Cytokines","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5772/intechopen.93005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41336004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

IL-21 Signaling and Induction of Cytokine Expression in Human Leukemia Cells and Monocytes 人白血病细胞和单核细胞中IL-21信号转导及细胞因子表达的诱导

Cytokines Pub Date : 2020-06-23 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93004

Chantel F. Faqua, R. Akomeah, S. Adunyah

{"title":"IL-21 Signaling and Induction of Cytokine Expression in Human Leukemia Cells and Monocytes","authors":"Chantel F. Faqua, R. Akomeah, S. Adunyah","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.93004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93004","url":null,"abstract":"Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced by activated T cells and it plays many diverse roles by regulating the functions of normal and abnormal cells. Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. IL-21R is a type-1 cytokine receptor and belongs to the IL-2R and IL-15R family. The signaling mechanisms of IL-21 in different cell types have been identified. However, we know less about the biological effects of IL-21 and its signaling mechanisms in leukemia cells and monocytes. In this chapter, we will focus on IL-21’s biological effects and signaling pathways as well as discuss the potential implications and applications of IL-21 in leukemia cells. In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. Furthermore, IL-21 promotes differential expression of many cytokines including interleukins and chemokines. IL-21 activates both the Raf-ERK-MAPK and the Jak/STAT signaling pathways. These pathways mediate some of the effects of IL-21. Lastly, IL-21 also promotes activation of the STAT3 promoter and other transcriptional factors. These findings may be relevant to IL-21’s potential clinical implications and applications. in leukemia cells. Our results show that IL-21 activates Jak2, Jak 3 and Tyk2, which are involved in activating several STAT proteins including STAT2, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT6 in both U937 leukemia","PeriodicalId":77093,"journal":{"name":"Cytokines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5772/intechopen.93004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49080097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: A Major Cytokine of Brain Neuroinflammation 肿瘤坏死因子α:脑神经炎症的主要细胞因子

Cytokines Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85476

Mubarak Muhammad

引用次数: 20

The Genetic Aspects of Behçet’s Disease: Role of Cytokine Genes Polymorphisms behaperet病的遗传方面:细胞因子基因多态性的作用

Cytokines Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88856

A. A. Asmari, Misbahul Arfin

引用次数: 1

Innate Immunity and Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Conditions Including Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Innate Immune Memory 包括自闭症谱系障碍在内的神经精神疾病的先天免疫和神经炎症：先天免疫记忆的作用

Cytokines Pub Date : 2019-07-04 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87167

H. Jyonouchi

{"title":"Innate Immunity and Neuroinflammation in Neuropsychiatric Conditions Including Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Innate Immune Memory","authors":"H. Jyonouchi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87167","url":null,"abstract":"The neuroimmune network represents a dense network of multiple signals mediated by neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, and cytokines produced by multiple lineage cells and is crucial for maintaining neuroimmune homeostasis. Endogenous and exogenous stimuli, which are dangerous to the body, are detected by sensor cells, and they rapidly inform the brain through this network. Innate immunity is thought to play a major role in the neuroimmune network, through cytokines and other mediators released from secretary innate immune cells. Recent research has revealed that innate immunity has its own memory. This is accomplished by metabolic and epigenetic changes. Such changes may result in augmenting immune protection with a risk of excessive inflammatory responses to subsequent stimuli (trained immunity). Alternatively, innate immune memory can induce suppressive effects (tolerance), which may impose a risk of impaired immune defense. Innate immune memory affects the neuroimmune network for a prolonged period, and dysregulated innate immune memory has been implicated with pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric conditions. This chapter summarizes a role of innate immune memory (trained immunity vs. tolerance) in neuroinflammation in association with neuropsychiatric conditions including autism spectrum disorders (ASD).","PeriodicalId":77093,"journal":{"name":"Cytokines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.87167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42846030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

TNFR2 and Regulatory T Cells: Potential Immune Checkpoint Target in Cancer Immunotherapy TNFR2和调节性T细胞:癌症免疫治疗中潜在的免疫检查点靶点

Cytokines Pub Date : 2019-04-08 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85632

Xuehui He, Xinhui Wang

{"title":"TNFR2 and Regulatory T Cells: Potential Immune Checkpoint Target in Cancer Immunotherapy","authors":"Xuehui He, Xinhui Wang","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85632","url":null,"abstract":"TNF has both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory effects. It binds to two structurally related but functionally distinct receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. Unlike TNFR1 that is ubiquitously expressed, TNFR2 expression is more limited to myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages including a fraction of regulatory T cells (Treg). In general, TNFR1 is responsible for TNF-mediated cell apoptosis and death, and mostly induces proinflammatory reactions. However, TNFR2 mainly leads to functions related to cell survival and immune suppression. Treg play an indispensable role in maintaining immunological self-tolerance and restraining excessive immune reactions deleterious to the host. Impaired Treg-mediated immune regulation has been observed in various autoimmune diseases as well as in cancers. Therefore, Treg might provide an ideal therapeutic target for diseases where the immune balance is impaired and could benefit from the regulation of Treg properties. TNFR2 is highly expressed on Treg in mice and in humans, and TNFR2+ Treg reveal the most potent suppressive capacity. TNF-TNFR2 ligation benefits Treg proliferation, although the effect on Treg suppressive function remains controversial. Here, we will describe in detail the TNF-mediated regulation of Treg and the potential clinical applications in cancer immunotherapy as well as in autoimmune diseases, with the focus on human Treg subsets.","PeriodicalId":77093,"journal":{"name":"Cytokines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45780693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

In vitro Cell-Based Assays for Potency Testing of Anti-TNF-α Biological Drugs 基于细胞的抗肿瘤坏死因子-α生物药物体外药效试验

Cytokines Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85237

Sara Žigon-Branc, A. Barlič, M. Jeras

引用次数: 0

Interferons Alpha, Beta, and Omega 干扰素，干扰素和

Cytokines Pub Date : 1998-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/B978-012498340-3/50026-9

A. Meager

引用次数: 20

Generation of NAP-1 and related peptides in psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases. 银屑病及其他炎症性皮肤病中NAP-1及相关肽的产生

Cytokines Pub Date : 1992-01-01

J M Schröder