Bildgebung = Imaging最新文献

{"title":"Imaging methods as a diagnostic tool in neuro-AIDS. A review.","authors":"G Arendt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 1983, central nervous system (CNS) involvement in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is well recognized. Imaging methods are important in diagnosing AIDS-related primary and secondary CNS processes as HIV-1-associated encephalopathy, cerebral toxoplasmosis, primary CNS lymphoma, cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and infectious spinal cord granulomas. This paper presents a review of typical AIDS-related CNS findings as seen in morphological radiologic techniques, i.e. cranial computed tomography (CCT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, the paper discusses the value of CCT, MRI and functional (positron emission computed tomography = PET, single-photon emission computed tomography = SPECT, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) as well as morphometric imaging methods in evaluating subclinical HIV-1-related cerebral deficits and predicting their clinical course.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"310-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[HIV infection: findings in liver and bile ducts].","authors":"H Jablonowski","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal diseases in HIV-infected patients mainly affect the bowel, the oesophagus, and the liver. Most of the hepatic diseases are due to opportunistic infections and associated to AIDS. In the advanced AIDS disease Mycobacterium avium intracellulare is the most frequent bacterial infections agent. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is often diagnosed in less immunocompromised patients. Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D) is more often diagnosed in HIV-infected patients than in non-infected controls. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the liver is a relatively frequent tumour in HIV-infected patients. Kaposi's sarcoma may also affect the liver. Infections with the cytomegalovirus or cryptococci mainly affect the biliary system causing acalculous cholecystitis or secondary sclerosing cholangitis. In addition to clinical and laboratory diagnostics sonographic and computer tomographic examinations are important. The diagnostic power of sonographic and computer tomographic examinations can be increased by guided biopsies. Biliary diseases can be diagnosed by retrograde endoscopic diagnostic investigations (ERC, ERCP). This overview resumes the most important diagnostic and differential diagnostic data in HIV-associated liver and biliary tract diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"260-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[HIV infection and the lower gastrointestinal tract--characteristics of endoscopic diagnosis].","authors":"S Mauss,&nbsp;F Borchard,&nbsp;H Jablonowski,&nbsp;C Niederau","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the course of HIV infection intestinal complaints, particularly diarrhoea, are frequent. As a result of the HIV-induced immunosuppression infections with unusual viral, mycobacterial and protozoan pathogens occur. In addition usually self-limiting intestinal infections become frequently persistent in HIV-positive patients with advanced cellular immunodeficiency. Intestinal manifestation of HIV-associated neoplasm is not rare. In combination with microbiological examination of stool specimen endoscopy of the lower gastrointestinal tract is a valuable diagnostic method, especially for the diagnosis of viral infections and neoplasm.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"252-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract in HIV disease].","authors":"K Caca,&nbsp;C Zietz,&nbsp;J R Bogner,&nbsp;F D Goebel,&nbsp;W G Zoller","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are part of the most frequent complaints in HIV disease. A methodical effort is required to identify treatable syndromes. Progressive immunodeficiency is associated with increased prevalence of opportunistic or non-opportunistic infections and neoplasms. Dysphagia and odynophagia, in the majority due to candida esophagitis, are best evaluated by endoscopy. In the presence of diarrhea, upper GI endoscopy is indicated if evaluations of stool and endoscopy of the lower GI tract are negative and may uncover proximal small-bowel infection by Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium or Mycobacterium avium. HIV-associated neoplasias (Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphomas), not rarely affecting the upper GI tract and sometimes leading to obstruction or bleeding, are reliably diagnosed only by endoscopy. Since visible lesions mostly are nonspecific and normal-appearing mucosa may harbor pathogens, biopsies for pathology and cultures are crucial for correct diagnosis in GI diseases of HIV-infected patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"244-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrocolonic sonography: a novel screening method for the detection of colon disease?","authors":"A E Elewaut,&nbsp;M Afschrift","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrocolonic sonography is an easy and harmless technique for the evaluation of the colon wall. In our study, 106 patients were examined by means of hydrocolonic sonography and colonoscopy. The results were compared. Polyps larger than 7 mm were detected, whereas smaller polyps were often missed. Colon cancers were found in 5 patients, and it was possible to stage them. In moderately to severely active forms of inflammatory bowel disease this technique was able to make a differentiation between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In elderly and very young patients it may well be the primary screening method for evaluating the bowel.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"230-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[AIDS: infections of the retina and choroid].","authors":"M Schimkat,&nbsp;C Althaus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal agents have been found to cause infections of retina and choroidea in HIV-infected patients. Usually these infections are opportunistic infections caused by the profound immunodeficiency, which is a result of the decay of lymphocytes by HIV. Before the HIV epidemic only rare cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis were known in the literature. Now CMV retinitis has become the most common infection of the eye in AIDS patients. Ocular toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients can have a severe clinical appearance without treatment. Spontaneous recovery, as it usually occurs in otherwise healthy patients, does not take place in HIV-infected patients, so that a lifelong maintenance therapy is mandatory. Pneumocystis carinii chorioiditis was unknown before the HIV epidemic. In 1987 Pneumocystis carinii were found in the choroidea and two years later the clinical appearance could be described. Infections of choroidea and retina associated with AIDS may not be seen as isolated diseases. Commonly other organs are infected by the same or another organism. In case of AIDS-associated eye infections other organs should be checked for opportunistic disease. Diagnosis can be difficult. Because most of all intraocular infections associated with AIDS are CMV retinitis, an effective therapy can be initiated in most cases and in the follow-up a diagnosis can finally be made. Serological testing may be inconclusive because of occasional false-negative findings. Treatment often only suppresses the infections and so ongoing maintenance therapy may be necessary, as in the cases of CMV retinitis and Toxoplasma retinochorioiditis. A variety of different diseases, which can be treated by a multitude of different substances with a lot of adverse effects and contraindications, can complicate the therapeutic modalities used for the management of each individual disorder. Additionally HIV-infected patients suffer from at least two or three different diseases and must be treated lifelong with plenty of substances, which often are given with higher doses than usual. Only by cooperation of HIV-experienced doctors of different specialities in hospitals and offices the complex subject of HIV infection can be managed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"288-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of thyroid ultrasound pictures in children with nodular thyroid changes effected by radionuclides.","authors":"V M Drozd,&nbsp;L N Astachova,&nbsp;O N Polyanskaya,&nbsp;H G Schomerus,&nbsp;T Käser,&nbsp;N L Koritko,&nbsp;J V Terechova","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>97 children with thyroid nodules found through screening programs in regions of White Russia (Belarus) affected by fallout from the Chernobyl disaster underwent thyroid ultrasound examination by one team at a central reference hospital. 46 of these children were operated on. 31 of these had thyroid carcinoma (30 papillary carcinoma, 1 follicular carcinoma), 9 adenoma, 3 nodular goitre, 2 thyroiditis and one colloid goitre. Sex distribution was equal in the carcinoma group while in all other groups females prevailed. In younger age groups (3-6 and 7-10 years) carcinomas were found more often than adenomas and cysts. A carcinoma was present most likely if there were a single nodule with a volume of more than 1.5 cm3, inhomogeneous echo structure, unclear, hypoechogenic margins, and enlarged regional lymph nodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"236-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Differential radiologic diagnosis of HIV-associated lung diseases].","authors":"C Becker-Gaab,&nbsp;G Küffer,&nbsp;B Kammer,&nbsp;J R Bogner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1993 in Germany an estimated number of 50,000-70,000 individuals were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), WHO estimations ranged up to 14 million HIV-positive individuals including 1 million children. AIDS-related diseases frequently occur in the lung. 65% of all AIDS-defining illnesses begin with life-threatening pulmonary infections. Most frequently HIV-positive patients present with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, followed by atypical mycobacteriosis, bacterial infections, Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The purpose of this article is to identify pulmonary HIV-associated diseases by focusing on radiological patterns and correlating them with clinical findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"302-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Abdominal ultrasound as a screening method].","authors":"F Tatò,&nbsp;W G Zoller","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abdominal ultrasound is increasingly used as part of the initial patient evaluation, without a specific indication. However, such an indiscriminate use of abdominal ultrasound is still controversial. The review of available literature on the value of abdominal ultrasound in clinical screening suggests the following conclusions: 1) The primary screening examination of asymptomatic persons leads to clinically relevant findings in less than 0.5% of cases. However, approximately 50% of the persons examined have abnormal findings without clinical relevance. This high frequency of abnormal findings may cause high costs due to unnecessary follow-up examinations. 2) A sonographic screening of asymptomatic persons may, however, be useful for specific indications in preselected individuals. This has been demonstrated for the detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the age group over 65 years. 3) Routine abdominal ultrasound in patients with a known internal disease appears to be useful even in the absence of a specific indication. This 'secondary screening' yields unexpected findings which turn out to be relevant for therapeutic decisions or for the final diagnosis in 6-25% of the cases. Routine abdominal ultrasound of all patients with internal disease may thus be a valuable extension of the initial patient evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"225-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[HIV infections in Germany].","authors":"F D Goebel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77035,"journal":{"name":"Bildgebung = Imaging","volume":"62 4","pages":"242-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19630274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}