APMIS. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"Mammalian Cu-containing amine oxidases (CAOs): new methods of analysis, structural relationships, and possible functions.","authors":"G Houen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This thesis describes new and original experimental results on Cu-dependent amine oxidases (CAOs), which show that these enzymes can be conveniently and specifically detected in situ using a peroxidase-coupled activity staining method with 4-Cl-1-naphtole as hydrogen donor substrate. Even more sensitive in situ detection can be achieved using a chemiluminescence-based coupled peroxidase assay which was applied to show that human placenta CAO activity is confined to maternal vessels. A general purification scheme for CAOs is described, and applied to purification of different CAOs. Peptide maps and immunological crossreactivity studies with monoclonal antibodies raised against the purified enzymes showed that they were closely related. Amino acid sequence data for the bovine serum CAO showed that they form a separate group (E.C. 1.4.3.6) with no homology to other enzymes. A cDNA sequence was obtained on the basis of the amino acid sequence data, and this was found to encode a bovine lung CAO, related to bovine serum CAO. The genes for bovine lung and bovine serum CAO are characterized, and Southern blotting analysis of bovine chromosomal DNA shows the existence of a least one more bovine CAO. The purification of human neutrophil CAO is attempted, but it is described how lactoferrin, a protein with many properties in common with CAOs, and with a low degree of sequence identity can account for many observations on human neutrophil CAO. The products of bovine serum CAO oxidation of polyamines are characterised, and 3-aminopropanal is found to be the principal aminoaldehyde produced. Finally, a polyamine-stimulated binding of human placenta CAO to single-stranded DNA is described, and it is reported that the DNA-bound CAO is enzymically active and that the oxidation of DNA-bound polyamines leads to degradation of DNA. In addition to the experimental results, the properties of polyamines and Cu-dependent amine oxidases are reviewed. The polyamines spermidine and spermine interact specifically with nucleic acids and several other molecules. They are synthesised from putrescine, which is a key regulatory molecule formed from ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase, a highly inducible and regulated enzyme. The polyamines can be converted to putrescine by CAOs or spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase and polyamine oxidase. Putrescine is degraded by CAOs, which are also involved in degradation of histamine, a mediator of inflammatory processes. CAOs catalyse the general reaction: R1CH2NHR2 + O2 + H2O-->R1CHO + R2NH2 + H2O2 and in addition to the catabolism of putrescine and histamine CAOs are involved in regulation of growth and apoptosis by to the generation of aminoaldehydes and hydrogen peroxide which have growth inhibitory properties. Several homologous CAOs have been purified and characterized and they form a family with two subgroups. They are homodimers with a relative molecular weight of 180,000 and contain Cu2+ and a modified tyrosine, topaquino","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"96 ","pages":"1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21522816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journey beyond immunology. Regulation of receptor internalization by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and effect of peptides derived from MHC-I.","authors":"J Stagsted","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"85 ","pages":"1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20758951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of horizontal gene spreading. Proceedings of a workshop. Oslo, Norway, June 8-9, 1998.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"84 ","pages":"4-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20782851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mammography screening for breast cancer in Copenhagen April 1991-March 1997. Mammography Screening Evaluation Group.","authors":"E Lynge","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A biennial mammography screening programme started for all women aged 50-69 in the municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark, on 1 April 1991. We report here on the outcome of the first three invitation rounds. Copenhagen has approximately 40,000 female residents aged 50-69. The Copenhagen Municipality IT Service runs the data files and issues the invitations based on the daily updated population register. Screening takes place at a special clinic at Bispebjerg Hospital, and since 1 September 1996 all assessment and surgery take place at Rigs-hospitalet. The first invitation round covered the period April 1991 to April 1993, the second invitation round the period May 1993 to May 1995, and the third invitation round the period June 1995 to March 1997. By now in total 120,772 invitations have been issued, 84,036 screening tests have been performed, 4110 women have been assessed with additional tests, 1057 women have undergone surgery, and 697 cases of invasive breast cancer cases or carcinoma in situ have been detected. The number of women screened during each of the three invitation rounds as a percentage of the target population aged 50-69 was 71%, 65% and 63%, respectively. It is possible for a woman to notify the programme if she does not want to be invited, and this caused the coverage to decline. The participation rate among the invited women was 71%, 69% and 70%, respectively. Ninety percent of those screened the first and second times and invited the third time participated. The number of screen detected invasive breast cancers of carcinoma in situ cases per 1000 participants during each invitation round was 11.9; 6.3; and 6.1, respectively. When compared with the incidence of invasive breast cancer in Copenhagen before screening, the ratios were 4-7 for all first time screened and 2 for all second or third time screened. Among the 697 screen detected cases, 84% were invasive breast cancers and 11% carcinoma in situ in women not previously known with breast cancer, and 5% were second primary breast cancers. Fifty two invasive interval cancers were found when women who tested negative during the first invitation round were followed up for two years in the Danish Cancer Register and the files of invasive breast cancers of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. Compared with the incidence of invasive breast cancer in Copenhagen before screening this gave a proportionate interval cancer rate of 0.34 (95% confidence interval 0.26-0.45). Eight percent of the women who ever participated in the programme had experienced at least one false positive screening test, and 10% of the women who participated all three times in the programme had experienced at least one false positive test. The assessment was an efficient procedure for the sorting out of the false positive screening tests. During the third invitation round, three quarters of those who underwent surgery had either invasive breast cancer or carcinoma in situ. The participation rate in th","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"83 ","pages":"1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20759226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human tetranectin: methodological and clinical studies.","authors":"C K Høgdall","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From its discovery in 1986 tetranectin (TN) has been suggested to participate in proteolytic processes through its binding to plasminogen, which enhances the activation of plasminogen to plasmin. Because extracellular proteolysis is an important factor in the ability of malignant cells to infiltrate normal tissues and metastasize, TN was considered to be a potential marker for this proteolysis. We have studied the variations in blood and tissue levels of TN in clinical conditions such as cancer and infection, where increased proteolysis can be expected. Five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against human TN, and our study is the first report of stable hybridomas producing MAbs against human TN. All the MAbs reacted with epitopes located within aa-residues 50-181 of the primary sequence. In relative epitope mapping with enzyme immuno assay and isotachophoresis the five MAbs defined two independent epitope groups. Different combinations of MAbs were suitable for enzyme immuno assays and two MAbs could be used for immunohistochemical detection of TN in both fresh frozen and paraffin embedded tissues. The MAbs will facilitate future studies on structure, function, clinical significance and immunolocalization of TN. In primary ovarian cancer neither s/p-TN nor CA 125 were found valuable for diagnosis of localized cancer versus benign tumors. However, s/p-TN combined with CA 125, increased both sensitivity and specificity. S/p-TN should therefore be considered one of the screening markers in conjunction with CA 125, or other comparable markers, in future ovarian cancer screening research studies. Preoperative s-TN was significantly correlated to residual tumor and survival in ovarian cancer patients undergoing second or third look surgery. In conjunction with CA 125 and CASA the predictive value of TN for residual tumor was greatly improved, as the markers were found to supplement each other. If the second look operation had been restricted to patients who had a marker negative test, up to 37% would have avoided surgery. We therefore recommend that these tests are included as potential selection parameters in other studies evaluating second-look surgery. Low p-TN concentration and heavy extracellular staining of TN in the tumors was significantly correlated with a poor prognosis for patients with localized stage I or II or advanced primary ovarian cancer. The prognostic information can be especially valuable for patients with a localized ovarian cancer stage I or II, because about 20% of these patients, believed to be radically operated later present with relapse. We found the p-TN level to be especially useful for patients with localized cancer, indicating that adjuvant chemotherapy may be considered if the p-TN level is low. For patients with advanced primary ovarian cancer and low p-TN the survival was significantly reduced compared to patients with a higher p-TN. The p-TN level was significantly negatively correlated to the extracel","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"86 ","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20776166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective malignancy grading: a review emphasizing unbiased stereology applied to breast tumors.","authors":"M Ladekarl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low reproducibility reduces the clinical value of morphologic grading of malignant tumors, and the replacement of subjective classification by objective quantification has been suggested. Simple mitosis counting has been employed for objective malignancy grading most frequently and has proved its prognostic significance in, e.g., sarcomas and carcinomas of the breast and ovary. These and other measurements of morphometry are, however, obtained in two dimensions only, introducing bias due to ignorance of the fact that biologic structures are three-dimensional. Stereologic estimators are, to that end, well-suited, because they enable the assessment of spatial structure from sections. Studies addressing the impact of stereology in tumor pathology are the subject of the current review. Details of estimation are provided of stereologic variables of tumor size, numbers and densities of cancer cell nuclei and mitoses, mean size and size variability of cancer cell nuclei and variables of tissue architecture. Besides a description of their practical estimation the influence on variables of sampling method, tissue processing and observer variability is assessed, and estimator efficiency and measuring equipment is evaluated. Exemplifying the clinical importance of objective grading, results are summarized of prognostic studies of quantitative histopathology in women with breast cancer. It has been shown that many stereologic estimators are applicable to ordinary histologic sections processed under routine conditions. If a systematic random scheme of sampling is employed then the efficiency of estimation is usually high, and reproducible, accurate and representative results are ensured. For objective malignancy grading of breast cancer especially the volume-weighted mean nuclear size, vv (nuc), seems valuable, and the variable usually provides independent information to that of staging parameters. The prognostic value of vv (nuc) seems greatest in lymph node positive subsets, whereas the importance in lymph node negative patients should be further investigated. The clinical significance of some stereologic variables may be restricted due to relatively time consuming measurement procedures. However, the unbiased technique may provide precise measures of basic parameters like \"tumor burden\" and tumor growth pattern, and thereby be highly useful in experimental oncology. In conclusion, stereology is of great value for quantifying tumor elements. For objective malignancy grading especially assessment of the three-dimensional mean nuclear size seems useful. Prognostic significance of this variable has been demonstrated in, e.g., malignant melanoma and carcinomas of the breast, lung, bladder, prostate and uterine cervix. To determine the real clinical value of the measurements, further evaluation in a routine setting is necessary. In case such prospective studies confirm previous findings, the future replacement of subjective grading techniques by reproducib","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"79 ","pages":"1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20563483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Assays, antigens, adjuvants and application.","authors":"H Aggerbeck","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"81 ","pages":"1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20721675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark.","authors":"S K Kjaer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the overall goal of elucidating the risk factor pattern for cervical neoplasia, two case-control studies and a prospective cohort study were conducted. The first case-control study focused on female lifestyle risk factors. It was designed to include all women (aged 20-49 years) in Greater Copenhagen, diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer or carcinoma in situ (CIS) from January 1985 to December 1986. They were identified from the Danish Cancer Registry. An age-stratified control group was randomly selected from the study area by means of The Danish Central Population Register. Information on risk factors was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The study, which included 586 women with CIS, 59 women with cervical cancer, and 614 control subjects, confirmed that CIS and invasive cervical cancer share similar risk factors. Both disease entities were strongly associated with sexual and venereal factors. This applied especially to lifetime number of sexual partners and age at first episode with genital warts (proxy measure for human papillomavirus (HPV)), supporting that HPV infection in the adolescent cervix is associated with a higher risk of cervical neoplasia compared with such an infection later in life. Our results also suggested that parity, oral contraceptive use, and smoking may be important risk factors. In the second case-control study, we identified all women with one lifetime sexual partner based on the questionnaire information obtained in the first case-control study. To investigate the role of the \"male factor\", the women were invited to participate in the study together with their husband. In all, 41 case couples and 90 control couples were enrolled. Data collection included a personal interview, blood samples, and penile swabs from the males. The most significant risk determinants of cervical neoplasia were a history of genital warts in the male and non-use of condoms, emphasizing the venereal nature and pointing to HPV as an important agent. Genital warts are usually associated with the low-risk HPVs (types 6 and 11) rather than with the high-risk HPV types. However, an explanation for the observed relationship between risk of cervical neoplasia and genital warts in the woman herself and in her male partner could be, that they are more likely also to harbour the high-risk HPV types. Only 2 case husbands and no control husbands had HPV DNA detected in the penile swabs (ViraPapR, ViraTypeTM). As the number of cells in the swab always exceeded 3 x 10(4), the result may reflect shortcomings in the test kit used. From our population-based prospective cohort study of 11,088 women, we selected the prevalent cases (199 women with LSIL/HSIL(low-grade/high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia), 131 women with ASCUS (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance)), and 1000 random controls (women and normal cervical cytology). At enrollment, the women were personally interviewed and had a gynecological exam","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"80 ","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20610019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early events in human myelopoiesis.","authors":"J Olweus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"78 ","pages":"1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20563482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avoidable cancers in the Nordic countries. Biological agents.","authors":"J F Winther,&nbsp;H Møller,&nbsp;L Tryggvadottir,&nbsp;S K Kjaer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although several biological agents have been linked convincingly with increased risks for cancer in humans, only infection of the lower female genital tract with human papillomavirus (HPV) and colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with Helicobacter pylori are of importance for cancer occurrence in the Nordic countries. HPV types 16 and 18, and probably types 31 and 33, are causally linked with cervical cancer and H. pylori, a Gram-negative bacteria, with gastric cancer. The estimated prevalence of genital infections with oncogenic types of HPV among Nordic women and the associated risk estimates indicate that approximately 45% of all cervical cancers arising in the Nordic countries are caused by such infections. This will be equivalent to about 550 cases in these countries each year around 2000, or 1% of all cancers arising in these populations. Similarly, the 35% prevalence of persistent gastric infection with H. pylori in the adult Nordic population and the associated risk estimates indicate that some 58% of all gastric cancers in the Nordic countries are due to this bacteria. This will correspond to about 2,350 new cases annually around the year 2000, with 1,350 among men and 1,000 among women, or approximately 2% of all cancers arising in the Nordic population.</p>","PeriodicalId":77006,"journal":{"name":"APMIS. Supplementum","volume":"76 ","pages":"120-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20391148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}