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The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law最新文献

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The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder to juvenile delinquency: legal implications. 注意缺陷多动障碍和行为障碍与青少年犯罪的关系:法律意义。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
H A Foley, C O Carlton, R J Howell
{"title":"The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder to juvenile delinquency: legal implications.","authors":"H A Foley,&nbsp;C O Carlton,&nbsp;R J Howell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) are both disorders of childhood and adolescence that all too frequently extend into adulthood. But just what is the relationship between these two disorders? This study explores the overlap between these two disorders as they relate to juvenile delinquency; both are significant risk factors for the development of antisocial behavior. But there is more significance to the presence or absence of ADHD or CD in later antisocial behavior. Higher levels of defiant and/or aggressive behavior lead to antisocial acts as compared with lower levels of defiance and antisocial acts. Boys diagnosed with ADHD have higher felony rates than normal control boys, yet ADHD is not nearly as strong a predictor of offending behavior as is CD in study subjects. The presence of both CD and ADHD contributes to illegal behavior, and it is likely that early intervention in both disorders will reduce the prevalence of antisocial behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 3","pages":"333-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19853484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Establishing standards for criminal forensic reports: an empirical analysis. 刑事法医报告标准的建立:实证分析。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
R Borum, T Grisso
{"title":"Establishing standards for criminal forensic reports: an empirical analysis.","authors":"R Borum,&nbsp;T Grisso","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic psychologists and forensic psychiatrists (about 80% of whom were certified by a specialty board) were surveyed regarding their beliefs about the necessary and appropriate content for reports on competency to stand trial (CST) (N = 102) and criminal responsibility/not guilty by reason of insanity (CR) (N = 96). Report elements concerning the identification of the defendant and evaluation methods (e.g., names, relevant dates, charges, data sources, notification to defendant of the purpose of the evaluation, and limits on confidentiality) were generally seen as \"essential.\" Clinical data such as psychiatric history, current mental status, and current use of psychotropic medication were also seen as essential, as were data elements specific to each forensic question (e.g., understanding charges/penalties, possible pleas, and roles of trial participants for CST, and collateral information and defendant's description of alleged offense for CR). While most respondents agreed that it was important to provide an opinion about and reasoning for any diagnosis and its relation to the psycholegal question, there was lack of consensus regarding the propriety of offering \"ultimate opinions,\" particularly concerning CR. Although there was general cross-disciplinary agreement regarding the appropriate content for criminal forensic reports, there was some disagreement as to the degree of importance of certain elements. Implications for practice and the development of professional standards are discussed, including advantages and cautions about using these data to influence issues of standards and policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 3","pages":"297-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19854159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Memory distortion and false memory creation. 记忆扭曲和错误记忆的产生。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
E F Loftus
{"title":"Memory distortion and false memory creation.","authors":"E F Loftus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 1990s have brought to public attention thousands of cases that began when a grown-up daughter or son walked into a therapist's office seeking help for depression, low self-esteem, or any of a number of life's problems. Many of these cases grew to involve memories of childhood sexual abuse recovered while in therapy--memories that did not exist, or at least were not remembered, before therapy began. Many of these cases also involved families torn violently apart. What should we make of these new-found memories? Are they true memories that were successfully revived in therapy? Are they false memories that were unwittingly planted? Are they symbolic expressions--historically false but representing some deep underlying truth? Insights from cognitive psychology may shed some light. Much of the litigation that has resulted from the emergence of \"repressed memories\" has been hazardous to the patients, and their families, as well as to the therapists who treat them.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 3","pages":"281-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19854158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Issues in forensic psychiatry in Islamic jurisprudence. 伊斯兰法理学中的法医精神病学问题。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
K S Chaleby
{"title":"Issues in forensic psychiatry in Islamic jurisprudence.","authors":"K S Chaleby","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are few other specialties in psychiatry where the cultural nature and social norms of a society has more impact than the specialty of forensic psychiatry. In the Muslim and Arab worlds, Islamic principles govern the foundation of thoughts required to make laws. Those necessarily include legal issues in psychiatry. The impact of these matters on individuals as patients and the community at large can not be overestimated. Those issues will include laws of involuntary hospitalization and evaluation of mental competence toward different life functions such as commercial interaction, writing a will, marriage, divorce, and child custody. Islamic law has a definite position on criminal responsibility as well as other vital matters such as compensation of damages, including medical malpractice. This article discusses problems and peculiarities involved in the canonization of these laws in islamic communities, considering different arguments presented from one point of view versus another.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 1","pages":"117-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19857623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The quest for excellence in forensic psychiatry. 对法医精神病学的卓越追求。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
P E Dietz
{"title":"The quest for excellence in forensic psychiatry.","authors":"P E Dietz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excellence in forensic psychiatry requires adopting an appropriate professional role; developing an uncommon depth of knowledge and experience; full disclosure of credentials, biases, and weaknesses to potential clients; wise choices about which assignments to accept; and scrupulous fairness in the presentation of findings and opinions. An elusive goal in the best of circumstances, the quest for excellence can appear even more quixotic as resources diminish. As forensic psychiatry faces cost controls from insurance companies, increased competition from psychiatrists who have lost clinical opportunities, and the prospect of tort reform, the pressure to employ more efficient methods and to do more superficial work increases, threatening the quality of forensic work. The many influences, distractions, temptations, and hazards in the path toward excellence can be largely overcome by men and women of integrity, but there are inflexible barriers in the path of those who take assignments for which they are unsuited, for which the data will not be made accessible, or for which too little time is available to prepare properly. Often the most consequential decision one makes in a case is the decision to accept the case.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 2","pages":"153-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19777301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dangerousness and command hallucinations: an investigation of psychotic inpatients. 危险与命令性幻觉:精神病住院患者的调查。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
M E Kasper, R Rogers, P A Adams
{"title":"Dangerousness and command hallucinations: an investigation of psychotic inpatients.","authors":"M E Kasper,&nbsp;R Rogers,&nbsp;P A Adams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic consultations with psychotic inpatients frequently include issues of risk management, such as dangerousness and civil commitment. An important dimension of these consultations is the role of command hallucinations in producing an increased risk of aggressive behavior. In the present study, psychotic patients with command hallucinations (N = 27) were compared with patients with other hallucinations (N = 27) and with other psychotic patients (N = 30). The groups did not differ on aggressive behavior or most nonhallucinatory symptoms. However, most patients (84.0%) with command hallucinations had recently obeyed them. Among those with command hallucinations, almost one-half had heard and attempted to obey messages of self-harm during the last month.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 2","pages":"219-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19777306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prearraignment forensic evaluations: toward a new policy. 审前司法鉴定:走向新政策。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
S A Ornish, M J Mills, M C Ornish
{"title":"Prearraignment forensic evaluations: toward a new policy.","authors":"S A Ornish,&nbsp;M J Mills,&nbsp;M C Ornish","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prearraignment forensic evaluations are forensic psychiatric evaluations performed on a suspect soon after his or her arrest. In the guise of ethics, the committee members who originated this code have imposed apparently personal and political views on all members of respective professional organizations in order to circumvent rulings of the judiciary, including the U.S. Supreme Court. The prohibition against prearraignment evaluations represents a misapplication of physician-as-healer-based medical ethics--in which the core principle is the physician's beneficence to the patient--to the forensic arena, where no physician-patient relationship exists and healing is not the purpose. The ethical code prohibiting prearraignment evaluations reflects misguided paternalism and political bias, as well as being in direct conflict with current law. Whether or not prearraignment evaluations should be permitted is primarily a Fifth and Sixth Constitutional Amendment issue more than a traditional medical-ethical one. Ethics and the law, when both are examined carefully, suggest prearraignment evaluations are proper when performed responsibly.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 4","pages":"453-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19962065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Revisiting the insanity defense: contested or consensus? 重新审视精神错乱辩护:争议还是共识?
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
C Cirincione
{"title":"Revisiting the insanity defense: contested or consensus?","authors":"C Cirincione","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The author assesses the accuracy of both the public's opinion and researchers' conclusions regarding the method of adjudication of insanity cases and investigates the impact of the various types of reforms enacted in the 1980s on the degree to which insanity cases are contested. Data from seven states are analyzed. The public's view that insanity cases are typically resolved by a jury trial is inaccurate. Only 14.4 percent of the 7,299 insanity cases involved a jury trial. Likewise, scholars' views that most cases are resolved through plea-bargained insanity acquittals are inaccurate. Only 42.9 percent of all insanity cases are plea bargains, and 87.9 percent of all plea bargains are to a conviction. Jury trials are most likely to occur when the case involves a violent crime such as murder and the defendant has not been diagnosed with a major mental illness. Public fears that defendants easily \"fool\" juries into an inappropriate insanity acquittal are also unfounded. Only 16.1 percent of all jury trials result in an insanity acquittal. In three states, the figure is 10 percent or less. Contrary to the conclusions drawn by some scholars, this author finds that several types of reforms enacted in the 1980s affected the processing of insanity cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 2","pages":"165-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19777302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Incompetency to stand trial and mental health treatment: a case study testing the subversion hypothesis. 无法接受审判和心理健康治疗:一个检验颠覆假说的案例研究。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
E Hochstedler Steury, M Choinski, S R Steury
{"title":"Incompetency to stand trial and mental health treatment: a case study testing the subversion hypothesis.","authors":"E Hochstedler Steury,&nbsp;M Choinski,&nbsp;S R Steury","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study is a test of the so-called subversion hypothesis, which posits that mentally disordered persons who commit minor offenses are prosecuted primarily for the purpose of imposing mental health treatment on them through evaluation and treatment for incompetency to stand trial. These persons, according to the subversion hypothesis, find themselves in the criminal process because they do not meet the stringent civil commitment standards, but do meet the less stringent criteria for a disorderly conduct prosecution. The findings, based on 893 disorderly conduct prosecutions in a single jurisdiction over a two-year period, do not lend general support to the subversion hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 3","pages":"319-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19854160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
When Munchausen becomes malingering: factitious disorders that penetrate the legal system. 当Munchausen装病时:渗透到法律体系的人为失调。
The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Pub Date : 1996-01-01
S J Eisendrath
{"title":"When Munchausen becomes malingering: factitious disorders that penetrate the legal system.","authors":"S J Eisendrath","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychiatrists and other physicians are usually familiar with factitious disorders, but attorneys and judges usually are not. Cases involving factitious disorders may enter the civil legal system in a number of ways and cause incorrect judgements, financial costs, and inappropriate medical care if these disorders are not identified. Psychiatric consultants may play a key role in identifying these cases and educating legal personnel about factitious disorders. This article describes three cases in which persons with factitious disorders entered the civil litigation system. The role of the psychiatrist in these cases is discussed. Clues to the identification of factitious disorders are described. The article also discusses the differentiation of factitious disorders from malingering and other forms of abnormal illness behavior, such as conversion, hypochondriasis, and somatization disorders. The concepts of primary and secondary gain in relationship to illness behaviors are elaborated.</p>","PeriodicalId":76615,"journal":{"name":"The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law","volume":"24 4","pages":"471-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19962067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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