{"title":"Cultural Heterogeneity in Americans' Definitions of Racism, Sexism, and Classism: Results from a Mixed-Methods Study.","authors":"Lauren Valentino, Evangeline Warren","doi":"10.1086/733194","DOIUrl":"10.1086/733194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This sequential mixed-methods study examines how Americans ascribe meanings to the concepts <i>racism</i>, <i>sexism</i>, and <i>classism</i>. We first conduct interviews (<i>N</i> = 40) using a symbolic boundaries elicitation approach, gathering examples of scenarios that do and do not \"count\" as racism, sexism, and classism. We then use these examples as vignettes in a nationally representative survey experiment (<i>N</i> = 2,000). Results reveal striking evidence for cultural heterogeneity in how Americans understand and define racism, sexism, and classism. We find that a person's definition of these concepts depends on their emphasis on intentionality, unequal treatment/outcomes, and power (a)symmetry. We also find that political partisanship, gender, age, and income shape the importance of these three components in their definitions. Finally, we show that Americans' definitions of racism, sexism, and classism strongly predict their discrimination-related public opinion and policy preferences, such as support for affirmative action and antidiscrimination laws, even after accounting for demographic controls, including political views.</p>","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"130 4","pages":"846-892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11684753/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetic Options and Constraints: A Randomized Controlled Trial on How Genetic Ancestry Tests Affect Ethnic and Racial Identities","authors":"Wendy Deborah Roth, Şule Yaylacı","doi":"10.1086/728819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728819","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139253217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identities and Interactions: Reentry and Reintegration after Incarceration for Genocide","authors":"Hollie Nyseth Nzitatira, John Gasana Gasasira","doi":"10.1086/728786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728786","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Family Tree Branches and Southern Roots: Contemporary Racial Differences in Marriage in Intergenerational and Contextual Perspective","authors":"Deirdre Bloome, Garrett T. Pace","doi":"10.1086/728735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728735","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"60 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139276915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Very Uneven Playing Field: Economic Mobility in the United States","authors":"Pablo A. Mitnik, V. Bryant, D. Grusky","doi":"10.1086/728737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728737","url":null,"abstract":"We present results from a new data set, the Statistics of Income Mobility Panel, that has been assembled from tax and other administrative sources to provide evidence on economic mobility and persistence in the United States. This data set allows us to take on the methodological problems that have complicated previous efforts to estimate intergenerational earnings and income elasticities. We find that the elasticities for women’s income, men’s income, and men’s earnings are as high as all but the highest of the previously reported survey-based estimates. Because the intergenerational curves are especially steep within the parental-income region defined by the 50th to 90th percentiles, approximately two-thirds of the inequality between poor and well-off families is passed on to the next generation. This extreme persistence cannot be attributed to any single factor. Instead, the U.S. is exceptional with respect to virtually all factors governing economic persistence, including the returns to human capital, the amount of public investment in the human capital of low-income children, the amount of socioeconomic segregation, and the progressiveness of the tax-and-transfer system. For each of these four factors, the U.S. has opted for policies that are mobility-reducing, with the implication that any substantial increase in mobility will likely require a wide-ranging package of reforms that cut across many institutions.","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"356 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lowering their Meritocratic Blinders: White Men’s Harassment Experiences and their Recognition and Reporting of Workplace Race and Gender Bias","authors":"E. Cech","doi":"10.1086/728738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728738","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"21 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139277642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abigail Weitzman, Jennifer Barber, Justin Heinze, Yasamin Kusunoki, Marc Zimmerman
{"title":"Exposure to Nearby Homicides and Young Women’s Reproductive Lives during the Transition to Adulthood","authors":"Abigail Weitzman, Jennifer Barber, Justin Heinze, Yasamin Kusunoki, Marc Zimmerman","doi":"10.1086/727892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727892","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Makes a Quality College? Re-examining the Equalizing Potential of Higher Education in the United States","authors":"Christina Ciocca Eller","doi":"10.1086/727891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727891","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7658,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Sociology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136016113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}