{"title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","authors":"A. Jobe, E. Bancalari","doi":"10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","url":null,"abstract":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) was first described by Northway and colleagues in 1967 as a lung injury in preterm infants resulting from oxygen and mechanical ventilation (1). A National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-sponsored workshop further defined the disease and suggested research initiatives in 1978 (2). The pathophysiology of BPD was extensively reviewed by O’Brodovich and Mellins in 1985 (3). Subsequent research with animal models has shown that the very preterm lung can be acutely injured by either oxygen or mechanical ventilation, resulting in interference with or inhibition of lung alveolar and vascular development (4, 5). A change in the pathology of the lungs of infants who have died of BPD has also been found as smaller and more immature infants have come to constitute the majority of the infants who develop BPD (6, 7). A recently published book contains multiple reviews of all aspects of BPD (8). This workshop was organized by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the NHLBI, together with the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD), to review the definition of BPD and lung injury in very preterm infants, to identify gaps in knowledge about lung development and the best indicators of outcome for infants with BPD, and to determine priorities for future research. BPD is now infrequent in infants of more than 1,200 g birth weight or with gestations exceeding 30 wk (9). Gentler ventilation techniques, antenatal glucocorticoid therapy, and surfactant treatments have minimized severe lung injury in larger and more mature infants. However, some patients who develop BPD are more enigmatic. These consist of very low birth weight infants who initially have minimal or no lung disease but who develop increasing oxygen and ventilatory needs over the first several weeks of life (9, 10). Some of these infants with minimal lung disease that progresses to BPD may have been exposed to chronic chorioamnionitis (11). The incidence of BPD defined as an oxygen need at 36 wk postmenstrual age is about 30% for infants with birth weights 1,000 g (6). Some of these infants have severe lung disease requiring ventilation and/or supplemental oxygen for months or years.","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"1723-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64616411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage of the preterm neonate: prevention studies.","authors":"L. Ment","doi":"10.5555/URI:PII:0146000588900523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5555/URI:PII:0146000588900523","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70790141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Growth factors, receptors and oncogenes.","authors":"G N Gill","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 32","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behavioral development of the very low birthweight infant.","authors":"M Hack","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 33","pages":"11-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High frequency ventilation.","authors":"E Bancalari","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 33","pages":"55-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The platelet derived growth factor.","authors":"C D Scher","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 32","pages":"28-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage of the preterm neonate: prevention studies.","authors":"L R Ment","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 33","pages":"19-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Postnatal development of renal function.","authors":"P A Jose, R D Fildes","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal function in the newborn is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from older infants, children and adults. Moreover, gestational age is of great importance in the interpretation of renal functional differences. These differences in renal function should not be viewed as solely immaturity per se but rather as functional adaptations to the needs of growth and development in many instances. Although the neonatal kidney is operating at a level appropriate for a given age, the decreased functional reserve makes it more vulnerable to stressful conditions. However, the low GFR and some of the decreased transport properties may actually be of benefit to the neonate. With respect to medications, one benefit of these neonatal differences appears to be less nephrotoxicity for certain drugs in the newborn compared with the adult.</p>","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 33","pages":"71-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epidermal growth factor in the developing mammal.","authors":"D A Fisher","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>EGF has been characterized as an important growth factor in mammalian development and function, but its precise roles and significance are not yet clear. EGF may have a role in embryogenesis and fetal growth, since receptors have been identified in fetal tissues. However, EGF mRNA has not been shown in the fetus, and it seems likely that the related peptide, alpha TGF, subserves a developmental role in the fetus. The mRNA for alpha TGF has been demonstrated in the fetus [22] and alpha TGF acts via EGF receptors. In the postnatal animal EGF mRNA, immunoreactive EGF and EGF receptors are present in many tissues. In the rodent the highest levels of EGF mRNA are found in the salivary glands and kidneys, and EGF is secreted in large amounts in saliva and urine. A role for salivary and urine EGF in the maintenance of stomal, gut and urinary epithelial surface integrity seems likely, although not yet proven. Many other tissues presumably produce EGF, and tissue EGF concentrations (and probably synthesis) are hormone responsive in many tissues. Thyroid and gonadal steroid hormones have been shown to influence EGF and/or EGF receptors in various tissues, and EGF, probably acting largely through autocrine or paracrine routes, can exert mitogenic or developmental actions autonomously or in response to hormonal signals. An endocrine role also is likely, but of secondary importance as is the case for the insulin-like growth factors. The precise details of these EGF actions and effects in immature and adult animals are being explored in many laboratories. Figure 3 summarizes these concepts.</p>","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 32","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Changing outcome of the tiny infant.","authors":"M Hack","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76126,"journal":{"name":"Mead Johnson Symposium on Perinatal and Developmental Medicine","volume":" 33","pages":"5-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13630889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}