Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)最新文献

{"title":"Importance of the jejunal hormone motilin.","authors":"N D Christofides","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.51","url":null,"abstract":"In 1935, Shay and Gershon-Cohen showed that luminal perfusion of the duodenum of human subjects with sodium bicarbonate solution produced a rapid emptying of a barium sulphate meal from the stomach. More recently it was shown by Brown et al. (1966) that, in the dog, the instillation of alkaline solutions into the duodenum also increased motor activity in denervated, transplanted gastric pouches. A similar response was also observed after the instillation of pig pancreatic juice into the denervated pouch. The authors suggested that the alkaline solutions either prevented the release of an inhibitory hormone or released a stimulatory agent for motor activity. Brown et al. in 1971, using as starting material a peptide fraction produced as a byproduct during the purification of secretin on carboxymethyl cellulose, reported on the preliminary stages of purification of the motor-stimulating material. The purification showed that it was a polypeptide which was given the name motilin.","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"8 ","pages":"51-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.51","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11510375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurotensin.","authors":"A M Blackburn","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade there has been a great expansion of knowledge in the field of peptide hormones. Several of these peptides have been discovered by serendipity during the isolation of other peptide hormones, for example pancreatic polypeptide which was found during the purification of chicken insulin, and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide, found as a contaminant of cholecystokinin. Neurotensin was discovered in a similar way during the isolation of substance P from bovine hypothalamus, when it was noticed that certain chromatographic fractions of the tissue extract had the ability to cause marked vasodilatation in the exposed cutaneous areas of anaesthetised rats and, in larger doses, to cause severe cyanosis. Subsequently, it was found that this vasodilatation was associated with a transient hypotension. The active constituent was isolated by Carraway and Leeman in 1973 and given the name neurotensin because of its presence in neural tissue and its ability to affect blood pressure. After its purification, neurotensin was found to contain 13 amino-acids and to have a molecular weight of 1674. The amino-acid sequence (Fig.) was deduced from analysis of fragments generated by several proteolytic enzymes, as well as from information obtained on the intact peptide (Carraway and Leeman, 1975a). It has been synthesised using the Merrifield solid phase procedure and the resultant peptide appeared to be identical with the native form, using multiple chemical and biological criteria (Carraway and Leeman, 1975b). There is still some uncertainty about the glutamic acid in position 4, as this may be formed from glutamine during the extraction procedure. The amino-acid sequence of neurotensin suggests a distant relationship with vasopressin and","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"8 ","pages":"12-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11605730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal and related hormones. Symposium organised by the Association of Clinical Pathologists held in London on 6 and 7 November 1978.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"8 ","pages":"1-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11267632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical features and diagnosis of alimentary endocrine tumours.","authors":"R B Welbourn","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.85","url":null,"abstract":"The alimentary tract is the largest endocrine factory in the body. The different types of endocrine cells, their distribution in the gastrointestinal tract, and their products are illustrated in Fig. 1. Some of the peptides and amines which are produced are established hormones, exerting physiological control of bodily functions, while the roles of others have not yet been determined. Some are produced by one organ only (for example insulin and glucagon by the pancreas), while others originate in more than one part of the gastrointestinal tract (for example gastrin from both the gastric antrum and the upper small intestine, and SHT from three types of cell in","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"8 ","pages":"85-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.85","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11267633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).","authors":"D L Sarson","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.31","url":null,"abstract":"As long ago as 1930, Kosaka and Lim proposed a humoral agent capable of inhibiting gastric acid secretion after a meal. They coined the term enterogastrone. Using crude preparations of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK PZ) in dogs they were able to inhibit the acid secretion normally stimulated by a meat meal or histamine. They went on to experiment with duodenal extracts, prepared after the instillation into the duodenum of olive oil, and found a similar effect to that seen with crude CCK PZ. The effects of similar crude preparations ofCCK PZ in the dog were confirmed by Brown and Pederson in 1970, but further purification of this material led to a diminution of the acid inhibitory effect (Brown and Pederson, 1970). In 1971, Brown and Dryburgh purified and sequenced this gastric inhibitory fraction and found it to be a polypeptide quite distinct from other known peptide hormones. By virtue of its acid inhibitory properties they named it gastric inhibitory polypeptide, GIP.","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"8 ","pages":"31-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-8.1.31","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11605732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.","authors":"C H Mortimer, T Yeo","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.46","url":null,"abstract":"After the classic animal experiments of Harris (1950), Harris and Johnson (1950), and McCann and Dhariwal (1966) it was assumed that in man too the hypothalamus controlled the release of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) independently by means of two releasing hormones, luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and follicle stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (FSH-RH). However, Schally et al. (1971) were ableto isolate only one gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from many thousands of porcine hypothalami. This hormone (GnRH), a decapeptide, stimulates the secretion of both LH and FSH in animals and in man and can produce differential changes in the secretion of the two gonadotrophins by interaction with the feedback effects of gonadal steroids and inhibin. The latter inhibits FSH secretion. It is probably a polypeptide and is formed in the seminiferous tubules during the final stage of spermatogenesis (which is itself stimulated by FSH).","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"7 ","pages":"46-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.46","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11989574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disorders of prolactin secretion.","authors":"M O Thorner","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.36","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanism of control of prolactin secretion and its secretory pattern in humans at various stages of life are summarized. The clinical significance and causes of hyperprolactinemia and its occurrence in men its connection with pituitary tumors its treatment and the mechanism of hypogonadism in hyperprolactinemia are also discussed. The hypothalamus controls prolactin secretion by secreting dopamine a prolactin release-inhibiting factor that is carried to the anterior pituitary. Prolactin is secreted in a pulsatile pattern. Hyperprolactinemia occurs naturally in postpartum amenorrhea and as a cause of gonadal dysfunction mostly in women but also in men. It can be caused by drugs that raise prolactin levels pituitary tumors and possible oral contraceptives. It has been treated successfully in women and men with an ergot alkaloid bromocriptine.","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"7 ","pages":"36-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.36","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12253026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.","authors":"P M Daniel","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Some knowledge of the anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary and of the neurovascular pathways connecting them is essential for understanding the endocrine and other dysfunctions that result from any lesion involving either the hypothalamus or the pituitary or which damages their connecting pathways. When the pituitary gland is removed or is deprived of stimuli from the hypothalamus'hypopituitarism' results. In hypopituitarism the endocrine organs show the most striking changes, but all the tissues of the body are affected to a greater or lesser extent (Sheehan, 1937; Sheehan and Summers, 1949; Daniel and Prichard, 1975). The anterior lobe (pars distalis) of the pituitary gland develops as an upgrowth of epithelial tissue from the primitive pharynx (Rathke's pouch) which","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"7 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12253312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secretion of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones by non-endocrine tumours.","authors":"T J Martin","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.26","url":null,"abstract":"That non-endocrine cancers can produce clinical syndromes of apparent hormone excess has been known for some time (Rees and Ratcliffe, 1974). Now there is ample clinical and biocheinical evidence that many polypeptide hormones may be produced and released by human tumours which originate in tissues which are not normally regarded as sites for the physiological production of the hormones. In some instances-for example, inappropriate production by a cancer of adrenocorticotrophic hormone-that syndrome may be clinically obvious. Thus Cushing's syndrome in a patient witha relatively slowly growing lung cancer or carcinoid will be obvious. More commonly with ectopic ACTH production, however, the full clinical picture of Cushing's syndrome is not apparent-rather there is pronounced muscle weakness, hypokalaemic alkalosis, pigmentation, and very high levels of plasma cortisol and ACTH. Most of the ectopic humoral syndromes are diagnosed on the clinical and biochemical improvement after tumour resection, on finding high plasma and tumour extract concentrations of hormones, in some patients on localisation of hormones in tumour cells by immunofluorescence, and on the presence of an arteriovenous gradient of hormone concentration across the tumour. There are now many instances of cultured cancer cells being shown to release hormone into the culture medium. In a few cases the biosynthesis of hormone has been demonstrated by the incorporation of radioactive amino-acids into the peptide. Although most research in this area has been concentrated on the study of hormone production, presumably because hormones readily manifest their presence, other polypeptides also are produced and released by tumours in greater quantities than would be expected from the tissue of origin. These include enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (Nathanson and Fishman, 1971), lysozyme (Kovanyi and Letnansky, 1971), amylase (Amman et al., 1972), and plasminogen activator (Davidson et al., 1969) as well as a variety of fetal proteins that are normally present in plasma only in small quantities during adult life (Alexander, 1972), such as carcinoembryonic antigen (Gold, 1970) and alpha fetoprotein (Abelev, 1971).","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"7 ","pages":"26-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11417641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in clinical practice.","authors":"R Hall, M F Scanlon","doi":"10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), a tripeptide with the formula pyroglutamyl histidylprolinamide, was first isolated by Schally and his coworkers in 1969 and now has an established role in clinical endocrine practice. When given to animals in pharmacological doses it has a variety of neurotropic actions. These include arousal; increased respiration, muscle tone, and body temperature; and emotional behaviour. It also increases the LD5o of barbiturates. Side effects in man are minor and transient with the 200-,ug intravenous dose used in the standard TRH test. They include nausea, a desire to micturate, flushing, dizziness, an unusual taste, and an increase in the pulse rate. No adverse effects on the liver, kidney, or bone marrow have been reported. The widespread distribution of TRH in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and spinal cord have led to the suggestion that it may act as a neurotransmitter, but in man there is no good evidence to support this view. It has no effect on the contingent negative variation, a sensitive indicator of the brain activity which results from other agents such as diazepam and nicotine (Ashton et al., 1976).","PeriodicalId":75995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical pathology. Supplement (Association of Clinical Pathologists)","volume":"7 ","pages":"55-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/jcp.s1-7.1.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12015506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}