Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"The impact of aging on cognitive functions. An 11 year follow-up study of four age cohorts.","authors":"P Laursen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The literature on longitudinal studies of aging and cognitive performance is reviewed. The review reveals some ambiguity which seems primarily to be due to selection bias in the study groups and insufficient statistical modelling and parameterization. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of aging on cognitive performance of the general adult population. In addition, the following problems are considered: If an aging impact is found, is it then evenly distributed across different age cohorts and different cognitive functions? Is the effect of different subject-related and situational factors on the test parameters stable over time? Is it possible to eliminate the impact of the examiner in cognitive testing? Moreover, do certain background factors such as age (generation), sex, schooling, etc. or test performance in an earlier examination have predicting power for the participation at a later stage in the study? The analysis was made using a longitudinal design with four successive age cohorts born in 1952, 1942, 1932, and 1922. 1,026 subjects were examined in 1982-83 and 711 were re-examined in 1993-94. At both occasions the subjects were tested by means of the Cognitive Function Scanner method. Attrition was found in all four age cohorts but most profound in the oldest cohort. Attrition occurred most frequently among subjects with only primary schooling and low social status. Age (generation), Sex, Schooling, Occupational Activity Status, Smoking Status, Psychic Stress, and questionnaire positive Cardiovascular Disease in the 1982-83 study all had significant relation to non-participation in the follow-up, either because of death, refusal to participate or because the subjects did not turn up on the agreed date for examination. Also a few test parameters, primarily in the attention tests and concentration tests, were found to be significantly related to non-participation in the follow-up. The results of the follow-up study, in which each subject was his own reference, showed two different tendencies. One tendency indicated some decline in performance. It was found in parameters for non-verbal learning and memory, retention of verbal memory, visuomotor and visuospatial speed, concentration, and reaction time. The other tendency indicated some improvement in performance in relation to verbal learning and memory, visuomotor and visuospatial precision, and to visual perception. It was a general tendency that performance becomes more scattered with increasing age. The follow-up study showed that Generation, Sex, and Schooling are the most important subject-related factors to take into consideration in the evaluation of test results. The significant impact of the Generation factor indicates that cognitive performance depends not only on aging but is also modulated to a large extent by generation specific factors. In spite of intensive training and special focus on communication it was evident that the situational Examiner fact","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"172 ","pages":"7-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20395866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Retrovirus in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Diseases. Copenhagen, Denmark, September 26, 1996.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"169 ","pages":"1-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20206567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Xenon.","authors":"K Holl,&nbsp;H Becker,&nbsp;B Haubitz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"166 ","pages":"38-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19662344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"31st Scandinavian Congress of Neurology. Linköping, Sweden, June 12-15, 1996. Abstracts.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"167 ","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19878452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type. Structural characteristics, diagnostic criteria and relation to other frontotemporal dementias.","authors":"A Brun,&nbsp;U Passant","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Frontal lobe degenerative dementias, the second largest degenerative dementia group after Alzheimer's disease, is dominated by frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type. It is classified in a group also containing Pick's disease, progressive aphasia and dementia in motor neuron disease. Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type is clinically marked by frontal lobe symptoms and frontotemporal reduction of blood flow. From a histopathological point of view it is characterized by gliosis, microvacuolation, neuronal atrophy-loss and 40-50% loss of synapses in three superficial cortical laminae of the frontal convexity and anterior temporal cortex, while the deeper laminae are little or not changed. The structural changes of Alzheimer's disease including amyloid, Levy body dementia and Pick's disease are entirely lacking. A strong heredity points to a genetic cause as yet undefined.</p>","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"168 ","pages":"28-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19959399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3rd International Conference on Xenon/CT CBF. 25-28 June, 1995.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"166 ","pages":"1-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19661827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dementia: diagnosis, early treatment and assistance to family members. Proceedings of a conference. Stockholm, Sweden, March 9-10, 1995.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"168 ","pages":"1-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20042725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rational management of epilepsy through greater understanding of the disease. May 27-28, 1994, Budapest. Proceedings.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"162 ","pages":"1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18502622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and electromyographic stretch responses in spastic and healthy subjects.","authors":"E Toft","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reflex mediated mechanical response was studied in the ankle flexors and ankle extensors of healthy and spastic subjects at maintained contractions from low to high concentration levels. This was done by a technique where muscle stretches could be applied during contractions with stretch reflex responses present or during contractions where the stretch reflex was absent. Stretch responses without stretch reflexes were obtained during contractions elicited by electrical stimulation. The validity of this method is discussed in details and it is concluded that the stretch responses during electrical stimulation can give a correct estimate of the non-reflex muscle response. The method is difficult to carry out in many human subjects and a number of precautions have to be taken. In healthy subjects a large reflex mediated mechanical response was found in the ankle flexors and ankle extensors, with the largest response at low and intermediate contraction levels. Surprisingly the reflex mediated mechanical response was found to be of equal size in the ankle extensors of spastic patients and control subjects at all contraction levels. In the ankle flexors no reflex mediated mechanical response was present in the patients contrary to the findings in the control subjects. A method was developed to predict the reflex mediated mechanical response from the reflex mediated EMG response. The method was successfully applied in the ankle flexors. In the ankle extensors the measured reflex mediated mechanical response was a factor of 2.5 lower than the EMG predicted mechanical reflex response. It was concluded that the method cannot be applied in situations where a large synchronized EMG response occurs--as it does in the ankle extensors. An increased EMG response was found in the ankle extensors in spastic patients, but this was not followed by an increased mechanical reflex response. This emphasizes that conclusions drawn from EMG results should be done with caution. Stretch reflexes are increased in spastic patients during clinical examination. This is in contrast to the findings under our experimental conditions, where the reflex mediated response during maintained contraction was decreased in the ankle flexors and unchanged in the ankle extensors of spastic patients. Others have found that the H-reflex is modulated in healthy subjects in relation to different motor tasks. It was proposed that healthy subjects set the reflex in a facilitated state in relation to ongoing contraction under our experimental conditions and perhaps in a more inhibited state in the clinical test situation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"163 ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18494776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural transplantation to the normal and lesioned brain. An experimental study of the rat hippocampus.","authors":"N Tønder","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75395,"journal":{"name":"Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"160 ","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18629270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}