WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology最新文献

Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins: insights from studies in C. elegans. 异三聚体G蛋白的神经递质信号传导：秀丽隐杆线虫研究的启示。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.75.2

Michael R Koelle

{"title":"Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins: insights from studies in C. elegans.","authors":"Michael R Koelle","doi":"10.1895/wormbook.1.75.2","DOIUrl":"10.1895/wormbook.1.75.2","url":null,"abstract":"Neurotransmitters signal via G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate activity of neurons and muscles. C. elegans has ∼150 G protein coupled neuropeptide receptor homologs and 28 additional GPCRs for small-molecule neurotransmitters. Genetic studies in C. elegans demonstrate that neurotransmitters diffuse far from their release sites to activate GPCRs on distant cells. Individual receptor types are expressed on limited numbers of cells and thus can provide very specific regulation of an individual neural circuit and behavior. G protein coupled neurotransmitter receptors signal principally via the three types of heterotrimeric G proteins defined by the G alpha subunits Gαo, Gαq, and Gαs. Each of these G alpha proteins is found in all neurons plus some muscles. Gαo and Gαq signaling inhibit and activate neurotransmitter release, respectively. Gαs signaling, like Gαq signaling, promotes neurotransmitter release. Many details of the signaling mechanisms downstream of Gαq and Gαs have been delineated and are consistent with those of their mammalian orthologs. The details of the signaling mechanism downstream of Gαo remain a mystery. Forward genetic screens in C. elegans have identified new molecular components of neural G protein signaling mechanisms, including Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS proteins) that inhibit signaling, a new Gαq effector (the Trio RhoGEF domain), and the RIC-8 protein that is required for neuronal Gα signaling. A model is presented in which G proteins sum up the variety of neuromodulator signals that impinge on a neuron to calculate its appropriate output level.","PeriodicalId":75344,"journal":{"name":"WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology","volume":"2018 ","pages":"1-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Small GTPases. 小gtpase。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2018-08-16 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.67.2

David J Reiner, Erik A Lundquist

{"title":"Small GTPases.","authors":"David J Reiner, Erik A Lundquist","doi":"10.1895/wormbook.1.67.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.67.2","url":null,"abstract":"Members of the protein superfamily of small guanosine triphosphatases, also known as small GTPases, small G-proteins, or the Ras superfamily, are involved in nearly every aspect of cell biology. Small GTPases are tightly regulated molecular switches that make binary on/off decisions through controlled loading of GTP (activation) and hydrolysis of GTP to GDP (inactivation). Small GTPases typically function as nodal points that integrate broad upstream regulatory inputs and disseminate broad effector outputs. The superfamily comprises five families that are conserved across eukaryotes: Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran. Each family, besides Ran, has radiated functionally since our last common ancestor with fungi, and certain subfamilies persist throughout metazoa. The double genome duplication leading to vertebrates resulted in two to four genes for many subfamilies, plus some novel mammalian additions. Here we discuss general principles of small GTPase biology, survey the C. elegans complement of small GTPases and how they compare to their mammalian counterparts, and note atypical nematode members that do not fall into discrete subfamilies. We do not discuss the multitude of other proteins with catalytic guanosine triphosphatase domains that fall outside the small GTPase/Ras superfamily.","PeriodicalId":75344,"journal":{"name":"WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology","volume":" ","pages":"1-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6369420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34578326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 82

Signaling in the innate immune response. 先天免疫反应中的信号。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2018-08-14 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.83.2

Dennis H. Kim, J. Ewbank

引用次数: 122

Working with dauer larvae. 与大头幼虫一起工作

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2018-08-09 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.180.1

Xantha Karp

引用次数: 0

Caenorhabditis nomenclature. 摘要术语。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2018-08-08 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.183.1

Mary Ann Tuli, Aric Daul, Tim Schedl

引用次数: 16

Tubulins in C. elegans. 秀丽隐杆线虫中的微管蛋白。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2018-08-04 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.182.1

Daryl D Hurd

引用次数: 16

The C. elegans eggshell. 秀丽隐杆线虫蛋壳。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.179.1

Kathryn K Stein, Andy Golden

{"title":"The C. elegans eggshell.","authors":"Kathryn K Stein, Andy Golden","doi":"10.1895/wormbook.1.179.1","DOIUrl":"10.1895/wormbook.1.179.1","url":null,"abstract":"In all animals, oocytes are surrounded by an extracellular matrix upon fertilization. This matrix serves similar purposes in each animal. It functions to mediate sperm binding, to prevent polyspermy, to control the chemical environment of the embryo, and to provide physical protection to the embryo as it developes. The synthesis of the C. elegans matrix, or eggshell, begins when the oocyte enters the spermatheca and is fertilized by a single sperm. The process of eggshell synthesis is thought to take place during the completion of the maternal meiotic divisions such that the multi-layered eggshell is completed by anaphase II. The synthesis of the eggshell occurs in a hierarchical pattern in which the outermost layers are synthesized first in order to capture and retain the innermost layers as they form. Recent studies have revealed that the lipid-rich permeability barrier is distinct from the outer trilaminar eggshell. These new findings alter our previous understanding of the eggshell. This chapter aims to define each of the eggshell layers and the molecules that are known to play significant roles in their formation.","PeriodicalId":75344,"journal":{"name":"WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology","volume":"2018 ","pages":"1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5603424/pdf/PM26715360.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9520622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 49

History of research on C. elegans and other free-living nematodes as model organisms. 秀丽隐杆线虫和其他自由生活的线虫作为模式生物的研究历史。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2017-09-07 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.181.1

Victor Marc Nigon, Marie-Anne Félix

{"title":"History of research on C. elegans and other free-living nematodes as model organisms.","authors":"Victor Marc Nigon, Marie-Anne Félix","doi":"10.1895/wormbook.1.181.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.181.1","url":null,"abstract":"The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is now a major model organism in biology. The choice of Sydney Brenner to adopt this species in the mid-1960s and the success of his team in raising it to a model organism status have been told (http://www.wormbook.org/toc_wormhistory.html; Brenner, 2001; Ankeny, 2001). Here we review the pre-Brenner history of the use of free-living nematodes as models for general questions in biology. We focus on the period that started in 1899 with the first publication of Emile Maupas mentioning Rhabditis elegans and ended in 1974 with the first publications by Brenner. A common thread in this period, aided by the variety in modes of reproduction of different nematode species, is found in studies of meiosis, fertilization, heredity, and sex determination. Maupas in his 1900 opus on reproduction had already chosen C. elegans as the species of reference. Hikokura Honda determined its hermaphrodite chromosomal content in 1925. C. elegans was again isolated and chosen as a main subject by Victor Nigon in the 1940-50s. Nigon mastered crosses between C. elegans hermaphrodites and males, described the meiotic behavior of chromosomes in XX hermaphrodites and X0 males and, using tetraploids, correctly inferred that sex was determined by X chromosome to autosome dosage. With Ellsworth Dougherty, Nigon isolated and studied a C. briggsae body size mutant and a C. elegans slow growth mutant. Dougherty and his team devoted most of their work to finding a defined culture medium to screen for physiological mutants, focusing on C. briggsae. With Helene Fatt, Dougherty also performed the first genetic study of natural variation in C. elegans, concerning the difference in heat resistance of the Bergerac and Bristol strains. Jean Brun, a student of Nigon, performed a long and remarkable experiment in acclimatization of C. elegans Bergerac to higher temperatures, the significance of which remains to be clarified.","PeriodicalId":75344,"journal":{"name":"WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology","volume":"2017 ","pages":"1-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5611556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34841503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 79

Development, structure, and maintenance of C. elegans body wall muscle. 秀丽隐杆线虫体壁肌肉的发育、结构和维持。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2017-04-13 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.81.2

Kathrin Gieseler, Hiroshi Qadota, Guy M Benian

{"title":"Development, structure, and maintenance of C. elegans body wall muscle.","authors":"Kathrin Gieseler, Hiroshi Qadota, Guy M Benian","doi":"10.1895/wormbook.1.81.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.81.2","url":null,"abstract":"In C. elegans, mutants that are defective in muscle function and/or structure are easy to detect and analyze since: 1) body wall muscle is essential for locomotion, and 2) muscle structure can be assessed by multiple methods including polarized light, electron microscopy (EM), Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagged proteins, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The overall structure of the sarcomere, the fundamental unit of contraction, is conserved from C. elegans to man, and the molecules involved in sarcomere assembly, maintenance, and regulation of muscle contraction are also largely conserved. This review reports the latest findings on the following topics: the transcriptional network that regulates muscle differentiation, identification/function/dynamics of muscle attachment site proteins, regulation of the assembly and maintenance of the sarcomere by chaperones and proteases, the role of muscle-specific giant protein kinases in sarcomere assembly, and the regulation of contractile activity, and new insights into the functions of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.","PeriodicalId":75344,"journal":{"name":"WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology","volume":"2017 ","pages":"1-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34331071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

The biology of Strongyloides spp. 类圆线虫的生物学。

WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology Pub Date : 2015-07-16 DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.141.2

Mark E Viney, James B Lok

引用次数: 85