The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal最新文献

{"title":"Transforming Discoveries About Cortical Microcircuits and Gamma Oscillations Into New Treatments for Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia.","authors":"V. Sohal","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.20220147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220147","url":null,"abstract":"The major cause of disability in schizophrenia is cognitive impairment, which remains largely refractory to existing treatments. This reflects the fact that antipsychotics and other therapies have not been designed to address specific brain abnormalities that cause cognitive impairment. This overview proposes that understanding how specific cellular and synaptic loci within cortical microcircuits contribute to cortical gamma oscillations may reveal treatments for cognitive impairment. Gamma oscillations are rhythmic patterns of high frequency (∼30-100 Hz) neuronal activity that are synchronized within and across brain regions, generated by a class of inhibitory interneurons that express parvalbumin, and recruited during a variety of cognitive tasks. In schizophrenia, both parvalbumin interneuron function and task-evoked gamma oscillations are deficient. While it has long been controversial whether gamma oscillations are merely a biomarker of circuit function or actually contribute to information processing by neuronal networks, recent neurobiological studies in mice have shown that disrupting or enhancing synchronized gamma oscillations can reproduce or ameliorate cognitive deficits resembling those seen in schizophrenia. In fact, transiently enhancing the synchrony of parvalbumin interneuron-generated gamma oscillations can lead to long-lasting improvements in cognition in mice that model aspects of schizophrenia. Gamma oscillations emerge from specific patterns of connections between a variety of cell types within cortical microcircuits. Thus, a critical next step is to understand how specific cell types and synapses generate gamma oscillations, mediate the effects of gamma oscillations on information processing, and/or undergo plasticity following the induction of gamma oscillations. Modulating these circuit loci, potentially in combination with other approaches such as cognitive training and brain stimulation, may yield potent and selective interventions for enhancing cognition in schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"267-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89307431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Changes in Structural Connectivity in Young People at High Genetic Risk for Bipolar Disorder.","authors":"G. Roberts, Alistair Perry, K. Ridgway, V. Leung, Megan Campbell, R. Lenroot, P. Mitchell, M. Breakspear","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.21010047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.21010047","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000Recent studies of patients with bipolar disorder or at high genetic risk reveal structural dysconnections among key brain networks supporting cognitive and affective processes. Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of these networks across the peak age range of bipolar disorder onset could inform mechanisms of illness onset or resilience.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Longitudinal diffusion-weighted MRI and phenotypic data were acquired at baseline and after 2 years in 183 individuals ages 12-30 years in two cohorts: 97 unaffected individuals with a first-degree relative with bipolar disorder (the high-risk group) and 86 individuals with no family history of mental illness (the control group). Whole-brain structural networks were derived using tractography, and longitudinal changes in these networks were studied using network-based statistics and mixed linear models.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Both groups showed widespread longitudinal changes, comprising both increases and decreases in structural connectivity, consistent with a shared neurodevelopmental process. On top of these shared changes, high-risk participants showed weakening of connectivity in a network encompassing the left inferior and middle frontal areas, left striatal and thalamic structures, the left fusiform, and right parietal and occipital regions. Connections among these regions strengthened in the control group, whereas they weakened in the high-risk group, shifting toward a cohort with established bipolar disorder. There was marginal evidence for even greater network weakening in those who had their first manic or hypomanic episode before follow-up.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Neurodevelopment from adolescence into early adulthood is associated with a substantial reorganization of structural brain networks. Differences in these maturational processes occur in a multisystem network in individuals at high genetic risk of bipolar disorder. This may represent a novel candidate to understand resilience and predict conversion to bipolar disorder.","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"appiajp21010047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79466383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights Into the Genomic Underpinnings of Psychopathology.","authors":"N. Kalin","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"171-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87072184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auditory Steady-State Responses Probe GABA-Related Oscillatory Cortical Circuits and Their Relation to Neurodevelopmental Mental Disorders.","authors":"K. M. Larsen","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"175-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75489466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aberrant Developmental Patterns of Gamma-Band Response and Long-Range Communication Disruption in Youths With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.","authors":"V. Mancini, V. Rochas, M. Seeber, N. Roehri, T. Rihs, V. Férat, Maude Schneider, P. Uhlhaas, S. Eliez, C. Michel","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21020190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21020190","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000Brain oscillations play a pivotal role in synchronizing responses of local and global ensembles of neurons. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit impairments in oscillatory response, which are thought to stem from abnormal maturation during critical developmental stages. Studying individuals at genetic risk for psychosis, such as 22q11.2 deletion carriers, from childhood to adulthood may provide insights into developmental abnormalities.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000The authors acquired 106 consecutive T1-weighted MR images and 40-Hz auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) with high-density (256 channel) EEG in a group of 58 22q11.2 deletion carriers and 48 healthy control subjects. ASSRs were analyzed with 1) time-frequency analysis using Morlet wavelet decomposition, 2) intertrial phase coherence (ITPC), and 3) theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling estimated in the source space between brain regions activated by the ASSRs. Additionally, volumetric analyses were performed with FreeSurfer. Subanalyses were conducted in deletion carriers who endorsed psychotic symptoms and in subgroups with different age bins.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Deletion carriers had decreased theta and late-latency 40-Hz ASSRs and phase synchronization compared with control subjects. Deletion carriers with psychotic symptoms displayed a further reduction of gamma-band response, decreased ITPC, and decreased top-down modulation of gamma-band response in the auditory cortex. Reduced gamma-band response was correlated with the atrophy of auditory cortex in individuals with psychotic symptoms. In addition, a linear increase of theta and gamma power from childhood to adulthood was found in control subjects but not in deletion carriers.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000The results suggest that while all deletion carriers exhibit decreased gamma-band response, more severe local and long-range communication abnormalities are associated with the emergence of psychotic symptoms and gray matter loss. Additionally, the lack of age-related changes in deletion carriers indexes a potential developmental impairment in circuits underlying the maturation of neural oscillations during adolescence. The progressive disruption of gamma-band response in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome supports a developmental perspective toward understanding and treating psychotic disorders.","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"204-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74245867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting Genetics to Work in the Psychiatric Clinic.","authors":"F. McMahon","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010024","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid progress in psychiatric genetics over the past 10 years, while exciting from a research perspective, has not yet had an impact on clinical practice. How will we really be able to put genetics to work in the psychiatric clinic? This overview will attempt to answer this question. A survey of widely used methods and major study designs highlights key findings that have emerged so far. These findings inform a broad conceptual model of how genetic risk may act to influence dimensions of psychopathology and clinical presentations. The overview concludes with highlights of some of the most clinically relevant findings to date and their implications for psychiatric practice in the near future.","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"182-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78569107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Violent Suicide Molecularly Distinct?","authors":"Daniel Almeida, G. Turecki","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"180-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82907815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Insights Into the Genetic Architecture of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Another Step Along the Way.","authors":"J. Leckman","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.22010027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"177-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84614450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Stray","authors":"N. Hadler","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2021.170205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2021.170205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74217259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance to the Diagnostic Construct of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","authors":"Allegra Condiotte","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2021.170202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2021.170202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74938,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of psychiatry residents' journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84577159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}