{"title":"Ostrogradsky's theorem on Hamiltonian instability","authors":"R. Woodard","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32243","url":null,"abstract":"Ostrogradsky's construction of a Hamiltonian formalism for nondegenerate higher derivative Lagrangians is reviewed. The resulting instability imposes by far the most powerful restriction on fundamental, interacting, continuum Lagrangian field theories. A discussion is given of the problems raised by attempts to evade this restriction.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"32243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensorimotor theory of consciousness","authors":"J. Degenaar, J. O'Regan","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.4952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.4952","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"4952"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70987498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The World of Touch","authors":"T. Prescott, V. Dürr","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32688","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its behavioural significance and omnipresence throughout the animal kingdom, the sense of touch is still one of the least studied and understood modalities. There are multiple forms of touch, and the mechanosensory basis underlying touch perception must be divided into several distinct sub-modalities (such as vibration or pressure), as will be made clear by the contributions later in this book. The commonality of all touch sensing systems is that touch experience is mediated by specialised receptors embedded in the integument-the outer protective layers of the animal such as the mammalian skin or the arthropod cuticle. Comparative research on touch, and its neuroethology, is only just beginning to provide a larger picture of the different forms of touch sensing within the animal kingdom. We begin our volume by reviewing works on several different invertebrate and vertebrate species, focusing on mechanosensation, each one with a specific requirement for tactile information. The aim of this introductory overview is to give selected examples of research on important model organisms from various classes of the animal kingdom, ranging from the skin of worms to the feelers of insects, and from the whiskers of a rat to the human hand. We conclude by discussing forms of human touch and the possibility of its future extension via synthetic systems.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"32688"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tactile sensing in the naked mole rat","authors":"Christine Crish, S. Crish, C. Comer","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.7164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.7164","url":null,"abstract":"Tactile sensing in the naked mole rat refers to the ability of this naturally blind species to respond to, and localize, stimuli that deflect facial vibrissae, but also an array of somatic vibrissae.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"7164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70994082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aftereffects in touch","authors":"A. Kappers, W. B. Tiest","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32730","url":null,"abstract":"An aftereffect is the change in the perception of a (test) stimulus after prolonged stimulation with an (adaptation) stimulus.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"32730"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tactile control of balance","authors":"L. Johannsen, A. Wing, M. Redfern","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.6724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.6724","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of a mechanical system may be defined as the time taken to return to its initial state when perturbed by external forces or torques.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"6724"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70992905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imaging human touch","authors":"P. Servos","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.7959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.7959","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 20th century researchers have used techniques to visualize the neural organization of the human touch system. Imaging human touch covers research from the earliest known work involving electrical stimulation mapping to more recent techniques such as event-related potentials, magnetoencephalography, positron emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Topics include somatotopy, the cortical processing of perceptual attributes such as shape, texture, and hardness, the neural bases of tactile illusions as well as the time course of somatosensory processing","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"7959"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70996134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tactile temporal order","authors":"Shinya Yamamoto, S. Kitazawa","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.8249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.8249","url":null,"abstract":"The perception of tactile temporal order, the order of multiple touches to the skin in time, has long been a topic of research in psychophysics but has drawn new attention since the discovery that it depends not only on the stimulation interval but also on body postures in space.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"8249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70996520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tactile Attention in the Vibrissal System","authors":"B. Mitchinson","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32361","url":null,"abstract":"Attention is a rich research area concerning itself with many aspects of brain function and animal behaviour (even as far as consciousness). This article focuses on the most prosaic aspect of attention, however, that of overt orienting of sensory receptors to the location of an ‘attended stimulus’ in space. Whilst overt orienting of the eyes has been studied in great detail, orienting of the vibrissal array of rodents has only recently begun to be investigated, despite the importance of this organ as an experimental model to a wide variety of investigations. This article reviews current understanding of orienting in this organ and identifies major open questions.","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"32361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70978589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tactile object perception","authors":"Guy Nelinger, Eldad Assa, E. Ahissar","doi":"10.4249/scholarpedia.32614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.32614","url":null,"abstract":"It is commonly assumed that object perception is the combination of sensory features into unified perceptual entities. Tactile object perception may therefore be defined as the perception of objects whose feature information is acquired via touch. Consequently, research relevant to the topic of tactile objects has focused on exploring the primitives of the tactile system, their interrelation, and how they may be bound together. The current discussion does not explicitly rule out, nor does it address, kinesthetic sensation. As such, tactile perception is used here interchangeably with haptic perception (Lederman and Klatzky 2009).","PeriodicalId":74760,"journal":{"name":"Scholarpedia journal","volume":"69 1","pages":"32614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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